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Meristematic and meristematic-like fungi in Dothideomycetes
Barreto, G.G.; Souza-Motta, C.M.; Silva, G.A.; Groenewald, Johannes Zacharias; Crous, Pedro W.; Bezerra, J.D.P.
Date:
2024-12
Abstract:
Meristematic fungi are mainly defined as having aggregates of thick-walled, melanised cells enlarging and reproducing
by isodiametric division. Dothideomycetes black meristematic and meristematic-like fungi have been allied to Myriangiales,
which currently has two accepted families, Myriangiaceae and Elsinoaceae, with fungi mainly regarded as pathogens,
parasites, saprobes and epiphytes of different plant species. This study aimed to verify the phylogenetic position using four
nuclear markers (SSU, LSU, ITS and RPB2) of the incertae sedis genera associated with Myriangiales, namely Endosporium,
Gobabebomyces, Lembosiniella and Phaeosclera, and the new genus, Endophytium gen. nov. (including E. albocacti sp. nov. and
E. cacti sp. nov.), established for endophytic fungi occurring in cacti in Brazil. Based on morphology, lifestyle and phylogenetic
inferences, these black meristematic and meristematic-like fungi cannot be accommodated in Myriangiales. Combining these
results, three new orders and two new families are introduced: Endophytiales ord. nov. (including Endophytiaceae fam. nov.
for Endophytium gen. nov.), Endosporiales ord. nov. (including Endosporiaceae for Endosporium) and Phaeosclerales ord. nov.
(including Phaeoscleraceae fam. nov. for Phaeosclera). Gobabebomyces and Lembosiniella remained incertae sedis due to
their disposition in the phylogenetic tree, that moved among clades accordingly with the gene analysed. Our results show that
the inclusion of endophytic fungi obtained from plants in dry forests can contribute to the discovery of new taxa, clarify the
phylogenetic position of allied taxa and confer information to the estimation of national and global fungal diversity.
Description:
SUPPLEMENTARY MMATERIAL : FIG. S1. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of the ITS sequence
alignment of the new genus Endophytium and related meristematic
and meristematic-like fungi in Dothideomycetes. New taxa are in bold
face. Thickened branches indicate full statistical support in all analyses.
Confidence values for ML-BS ≥ 70 % (UFboot2/RAxML) are included near
the nodes and the “-” indicates statistical support below the threshold
values. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per
site. The tree was rooted to Xylaria (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) and
Sordaria (Sordariales, Sordariomycetes). Families and orders are shown
in coloured blocks and indicated to the right of the tree.
FIG. S2. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of the LSU sequence
alignment of the new genus Endophytium and related meristematic
and meristematic-like fungi in Dothideomycetes. New taxa are in bold
face. Thickened branches indicate full statistical support in all analyses.
Confidence values for ML-BS ≥ 70 % (UFboot2/RAxML) are included near
the nodes and the “-” indicates statistical support below the threshold
values. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per
site. The tree was rooted to Xylaria (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) and
Sordaria (Sordariales, Sordariomycetes). Families and orders are shown
in coloured blocks and indicated to the right of the tree.
FIG. S3. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of the SSU sequence
alignment of the new genus Endophytium and related meristematic
and meristematic-like fungi in Dothideomycetes. New taxa are in bold
face. Thickened branches indicate full statistical support in all analyses.
Confidence values for ML-BS ≥ 70 % (UFboot2/RAxML) are included near
the nodes and the “-” indicates statistical support below the threshold
values. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per
site. The tree was rooted to Xylaria (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) and
Sordaria (Sordariales, Sordariomycetes). Families and orders are shown
in coloured blocks and indicated to the right of the tree.
FIG. S4. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of the RPB2
sequence alignment of the new genus Endophytium and related
meristematic and meristematic-like fungi in Dothideomycetes. New
taxa are in bold face. Thickened branches indicate full statistical support
in all analyses. Confidence values for ML-BS ≥ 70 % (UFboot2/RAxML)
are included near the nodes and the “-” indicates statistical support
below the threshold values. The scale bar represents the expected
number of changes per site. The tree was rooted to Xylaria (Xylariales,
Sordariomycetes) and Sordaria (Sordariales, Sordariomycetes). Families
and orders are shown in coloured blocks and indicated to the right of
the tree.
TABLE S1. Summary of phylogenetic information for the different
analyses in this study.
TABLE S2. Species, strains/vouchers and GenBank accession numbers of
sequences used in phylogenetic analyses. Newly generated sequences
are in bold.
