Research Articles (University of Pretoria)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/121

This collection offers open access to the full text of research articles published by staff, students and affiliates of the University of Pretoria. These items are identical in content to their published counterparts. It is linked to the Research Information System and complements the Annual Research Report.

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The root rot pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi : a long-overlooked threat to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
(Springer, 2025-04) Paap, Trudy; Balocchi, Felipe; Wingfield, Michael J.; trudy.paap@fabi.up.ac.za
The globally important plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi was first reported in South Africa in 1931, where it caused substantial damage to avocado orchards. Surprisingly, 40 years passed before the pathogen was recognised as a significant threat to South Africa’s natural ecosystems. This first became evident when P. cinnamomi caused a “quick decline” of the iconic silver trees (Leucadendron argenteum) in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of the Western Cape Province. Subsequent research has underscored the role of P. cinnamomi as a major root rot pathogen affecting numerous native species. Despite these findings, there has been limited research on the extent of the threat P. cinnamomi poses to Cape flora, leaving the risk of extinction for many species largely unknown. A recent observation of P. cinnamomi causing rapid mortality in Sorocephalus imbricatus, a Critically Endangered Proteaceae, underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive evaluation of this pathogen’s impact on Cape flora and the associated extinction risks. Given the high number of rare and threatened species in the CFR, many of which belong to families known to be vulnerable to P. cinnamomi, there is a pressing need to initiate an intensive local research programme to fill this critical gap. To address this, we propose a structured research programme that will guide targeted mitigation efforts against P. cinnamomi. Enhancing our understanding of P. cinnamomi’s threat to the CFR, a global biodiversity hotspot, will be essential to inform conservation strategies and to set restoration priorities in the region.
Patterns and drivers of female extra-pair mating in wild Kalahari meerkats
(Oxford University Press, 2025-05) Herdtle, Annika; Duncan, Chris; Manser, Marta B.; Clutton-Brock, Tim H.
In many pair-living vertebrates, females commonly mate outside the pair bond, but when and why they do so is unclear. This behavior may stem from females seeking “good genes” or “compatible genes” from extra-pair mates superior to or less related than their partner. Variation in female ability to acquire extra-pair copulations, however, may also influence extra-pair paternity rates. We analyze 23 yr of parentage data to explore extra-pair paternity in wild Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta), cooperative breeders where a single dominant pair monopolizes most reproduction in each group. When paired with a familiar breeding partner, females almost exclusively mate extra-pair to avoid inbreeding; however, even when paired with an unfamiliar male, extra-pair paternity still occurs. In our study of unfamiliar pairings, 14% of dominant female litters contained extra-pair paternity, with 90% of offspring sired by resident dominant males, 7% by extra-group males, and 3% by subordinate immigrant males. Results were not consistent with the compatible or good genes hypotheses: more closely related dominant pairs were not more prone to extra-group paternity; extra-group sires were not less related, heavier, or older than the resident dominant male; and offspring from extra-group matings did not demonstrate advantages over within-pair offspring. Extra-group paternity was more likely when dominant females were heavier, dominant males were lighter, more extra-group males visited, and few subordinate males resided in the group, suggesting extra-pair paternity rates are primarily driven by individual and social conditions. Whether females benefit from extra-pair paternity or simply mate with any available male remains unclear.
Teacher resilience in South Africa : the self-efficacy and teacher efficacy of pre-service teachers preparing to teach in a challenged context
(Edith Cowan University, 2025-03) Jonker, Carine; Graham, Marien Alet; Ebersohn, L. (Liesel)
This publication addresses a gap in high-quality, quantitative studies on teacher resilience within the less-researched context of the Global South. Specifically, it examines the self-efficacy and teacher efficacy of three cohorts of final-year pre-service teachers in South Africa (N = 1,193). This article aimed to contribute evidence on teacher resilience from an under-researched African context and population. Despite contextual challenges, the pre-service teachers indicated high intrapersonal resilience-enabling pathways, with a statistically significant relationship between their self-efficacy and teacher efficacy. The authors propose an evidence-based framework of how high levels of self-efficacy and teacher efficacy may enable prospective teachers to teach despite chronic and cumulative challenges. Few teacher resilience studies exist in the Global South and South Africa, and this study contributes to the body of literature in this field and hopes to promote place-based (e.g., Global South) research through contextual lenses to provide necessary needed evidence for teacher resilience.
Precision feeding of feedlot calves based on phenotypic production profiles I. The effect on economic important production parameters
(MDPI, 2025-05) Hentzen, Andreas H.R.; Holm, Dietmar Erik; andreas.hentzen@up.ac.za
Precision feeding feeder calves according to their production potential could improve economically important production traits. We report two experiments, in two separate locations where feeder calves were categorized into previously established production profiles (PP 1, PP 2, and PP 3). These production-profiled calves were then randomly allocated to a high-producing diet (HPD), medium-producing diet (MPD), or a low-producing diet (LPD). The findings of experiment 1 (n = 430) were used to adjust the formulation of the diets in experiment 2 (n = 104). The mixed modelling of economically important feedlot carcass growth traits was performed in order to evaluate the interactions between PP classification and diet. PP 3 was repeatedly outperformed in all production parameters (p < 0.01) by PP 1 and PP 2, irrespective of the diet. In experiment 1, PP 1 calves outperformed PP 2 and PP 3 calves; however, the HPD was insufficiently matched to their growth potential. In experiment 2 where the metabolizable energy was increased, PP 1 calves gained 23.0 kg more carcass (p = 0.05), at an improved carcass feed conversion of 0.91 kg/kg (p = 0.06), when compared to PP 2 calves on MPD. This is the first report demonstrating the feasibility of precision livestock feeding based on the predicted growth needs of incoming feeder calves as determined by production profiling.
Burden and distribution of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa : a systematic review with meta-analysis
(Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, 2025) Nweke, Martins C.; Ado-Aghughu, Theresa; Daniels, Tobi; Imo, Uzunma
BACKGROUND : Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is fast becoming a leading non-communicable disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Efforts directed at mitigating CKD will thrive on precise and accurate estimation of CKD burden, which often varies widely owing to study characteristics like methods of estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and study population. OBJECTIVE : To determine the burden of CKD and distribution of this burden in sub-Saharan Africa based on study characteristics. METHODS : Involved systematic review of articles peer-reviewed literature published in English. Review was conducted consistent with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Data sources for review include MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, African wide information and articles that reported prevalence of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Bias risk assessment was conducted using mixed-method appraisal tool. Random-effect model of meta-analysis was employed to quantify effects of variation study characteristics on burden of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa. RESULTS : Showed statistically significant difference in CKD prevalence by study population (F=2.547, p=.019) and epidemiological significance difference in GFR estimate method with Schwartz approach (35%). Conclusion: CKD remains a public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa and the distribution varies widely according to region, study population and method of estimating GFR.
An overview of thyroid disorders and their management
(Medpharm Publications, 2024) Schellack, G.; Schellack, Natalie; De Moura-Cunningham, C.; natalie.schellack@up.ac.za
Disorders of the thyroid gland are frequently encountered in the clinical practice setting and typically fall into one of two categories, namelyhypothyroidism (i.e. deficient levels of circulating thyroid hormone), or hyperthyroidism (or thyrotoxicosis) that involves abnormally highlevels of thyroid hormone in the blood stream. This article provides a high-level overview of thyroid function, the two major pathophysiologicalabnormalities of the thyroid gland, as well as treatment modalities aimed at managing patients with thyroid pathology. In addition, a briefdescription of two major autoimmune conditions of the thyroid gland, namely Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is also provided.
Unlocking mental well-being : the role of workplace social support and organisational justice in the public service
(AOSIS Publishing, 2024-10-23) Marange, Tatenda S.; Mangwanya, Maonei Gladys; Maramura, Tafadzwa C.; Chinyamurindi, Willie T.
ORIENTATION : Public service employees are an important conduit through which service delivery occurs. Yet, South African public service employees face challenges that affect how they work. RESEARCH PURPOSE : This study sought to determine the relationship between public service employee’s mental health accounting for the role of organisational justice and workplace social support. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY : Calls exist to understand issues of mental health within the confines of the organisation. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD : A survey approach utilising a convenience sample of 289 public service employees as respondents was utilised. The location of the study was the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. MAIN FINDINGS : The findings show that workplace social support has a direct and positive relationship with employee mental health. Organisational justice has no significant relationship with employee mental health. Workplace social support was found to fully mediate the relationship between organisational justice and employee mental health. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS : Strategies can be put in place that inform the promotion of mental health with the public service. These include the need for support services to promote mental health to address organisational issues that impede the pathway of such interventions. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD : The findings proffer useful precursors to interventions that address the challenge of mental health.
Human resource practices aligned with sustainable development goals
(AOSIS, 2024-12) Dhanpat, Nelesh; Stanz, Karel J.
No abstract availaable.
Harmonisation outcomes after insourcing services in South African higher education institutions
(AOSIS, 2024-10-11) Chabaya, Blessing; Govender, Cookie M.; Kanengoni, Herbert; blessing.chabaya@up.ac.za
ORIENTATION : The study was conducted in two higher education institutions that underwent insourcing and harmonisation of conditions of employment for support services. RESEARCH PURPOSE : This study aims to determine how harmonisation shapes outcomes among support service labour in selected higher education institutions and to develop a management framework to harmonise conditions of employment following insourcing. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY : The study capitalises on organisational complexities in higher education institutions that experienced insourcing of support services employees to address concerns assumed to be premised on historical exclusionary and exploitative employment practices. The study documents the experience and perceptions of institutional stakeholders in creating new knowledge on harmonisation following insourcing. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD : Employing a qualitative approach, 16 interviews were conducted with selected multi-level management and personnel directly involved in a harmonisation. MAIN FINDINGS : The study found tangible and intangible aspects, processes and other psychological perspectives on implementing harmonisation across employment levels. Furthermore, it was found that an efficient and effective harmonisation framework is required. Effective harmonisation for inclusion was viewed as being compromised by factors such as government intervention, and a lack of policy, framework and legislation to guide the process. : Practical recommendations are provided for implementing harmonisation strategies following insourcing across employment levels in South African higher education institutions. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD : The study contributes to novel theory on harmonisation after insourcing and provides a management framework for harmonisation of conditions of employment.
Evaluation of the labelling adherence of the food-associated effects of selected pharmacotherapy
(Medpharm Publications, 2024) Mbonani, N.; Olivier, Natascha; Cordier, Werner; werner.cordier@up.ac.za
BACKGROUND : Pharmacotherapy and dietary interventions often work together to enhance patient treatment and outcomes. Yet, food-associated effects, including food-drug interactions, remain a significant challenge, especially for oral pharmacotherapy. These interactions can undermine the safety and efficacy of medications and negatively impact patients’ nutritional status. Despite medicinal package inserts being the primary source of such information, studies from other countries highlight inconsistencies and inadequacies in the labelling of food-drug interactions. In South Africa, this critical issue remains largely unexplored, leaving potential risks unaddressed. The study aimed to evaluate the adherence of professional and patient information leaflets to labelling regulations concerning food-associated effects, providing some insight on a crucial yet often overlooked aspect of patient safety. METHODS : The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) labelling guidelines were used to evaluate the adherence to labelling of food-associated effects in the professional and patient information leaflets of warfarin, statins, fluoroquinolone and tetracycline antibiotics. RESULTS : The leaflets showed partial adherence to SAHPRA labelling guidelines. Food-drug interaction information was either lacking or inadequately described, particularly in relation to the mechanism of interaction, clinical outcomes, or recommendations. Although the information was mostly presented under appropriate headings, it was not always available under recommended sections and rarely cross-referenced. CONCLUSIONS : The labelling of food-associated effects in the evaluated professional and patient information leaflets was partially adherent to SAHPRA labelling guidelines, which may hinder effective guidance for healthcare professionals and patients. Although a small sample, non-adherence is evident and suggests bolstering is needed to mitigate potentially clinically significant interactions.
Fabrication of BiVO4/Ag2CrO4 heterojunction composites modified with graphene oxide for enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024-11) Oluwole, Adewunmi Olufemi; Yusuf, Tunde Lewis; Tichapondwa, Shepherd Masimba; Daramola, Michael Olawale; Iwarere, Samuel Ayodele; samuel.iwarere@up.ac.za
Please read abstract in the article.
Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies : scientific tools, one health and partnerships
(Office International des Epizooties, 2024-12) Blumberg, Lucille Hellen
A world free of dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 would be an outstanding achievement. This ambitious goal for a neglected tropical disease, set by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control together with partners and countries, has a clear and achievable pathway to success. In the 100 years since the inception of WOAH, many scientific tools have been developed to support the elimination of dog-mediated rabies. In addition to these tools, engaging communities and health workers to build awareness to prevent bite exposures, managing dog populations and ensuring herd immunity through dog vaccination are key to achieving the elimination goals. The provision of post-exposure prophylaxis and care for exposed victims are important interventions on the human side. Success in eradicating rabies will require applying a One Health approach, an integrative and systemic approach to health grounded in the understanding that human health is closely linked to animal and environmental health. Political commitment and availability of adequate resources are key to achieving the Zero by 2030 goal.
Inter-call intervals, but not call durations, adhere to Menzerath's law in the submissive vocal bouts of meerkats
(The Royal Society, 2024-12) Watson, Stuart Kyle; Zali, Mara; Falk, Nikola; Widmer, Paul; Manser, Marta B.
Diverse information encoding systems, including human language, the vocal and gestural systems of non-human animals and the structure of DNA and proteins, have been found to conform to ‘Menzerath’s Law’—a negative relationship between the number of units composing a sequence, and the size of those units. Here, we test for the presence of Menzerath’s Law in the vocal bouts produced in a submissive context by meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Using a suite of Bayesian mixed effects models, we examined 1676 vocal bouts produced by 89 wild meerkats, ranging from 1 to 590 calls in length, to determine whether the number of calls composing each bout had a negative relationship with the duration of those calls or their inter-call intervals. In contradiction to Menzerath’s Law, we found that the duration of vocalizations had a positive relationship with the number of calls in a bout. However, the duration of intervals between calls did have a negative relationship with bout size. Moreover, both calls and intervals had longer durations the closer they were positioned to the end of the bout. These findings highlight the multi-faceted ways in which efficiency trade-offs can occur in the vocal repertoires of non-human animals, shaping variability in the production of signal forms.
Strategic challenges in the global control of high pathogenicity avian influenza
(Office International des Epizooties, 2024-12) Swayne, D.E.; Sims, L.D.; Brown, R.; Harder, T.; Stegeman, A.; Abolnik, Celia; Delgado, M.; Awada, L.; Pavade, G.; Torres, G.
H5Nx A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 Eurasian lineage high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have been the main HPAI strains detected globally since 2005. These have spread around the world, causing a panzootic that has spanned six continents, with continual threat to not only wild and captive birds and poultry, but also wild, captive and domestic mammals and humans. The viruses' ecology and epidemiology - especially the 2.3.4.4b clade - have changed, with over 489 species of birds infected and spreading the virus over migratory routes. This results in the death of many birds, including endangered species, and serves as a source of transmission to poultry and mammals. Improved surveillance and sharing of HPAI virus sequences, metadata and viruses across the veterinary, public health, wildlife and environment sectors are needed to elucidate the population dynamics of the infections, which is crucial to addressing this complex One Health issue. The development of appropriate mitigation strategies or changes in husbandry, production and selling practices can reduce the risk of viruses being introduced into farms, as well as their amplification and viral evolution, and any spill-back to wild birds. Approaches to prevention and control of HPAI in countries where these 2.3.4.4b viruses remain entrenched in poultry, or places at risk of virus introduction via wild bird populations, involve measures to reduce the effects of the disease in poultry (including enhanced farm bio-security, vaccination, zoning and compartmentalisation). Their uptake reflects the difficulties encountered in relying solely on biosecurity for disease prevention and on stamping out alone for virus control and elimination. The World Organisation for Animal Health's Terrestrial Animal Health Code allows use of vaccination of poultry under specific conditions and without negatively impacting HPAI-free status if appropriate surveillance is conducted, thus supporting safe trade in poultry and poultry products. Nevertheless, concerns regarding loss of valuable export markets still interfere with greater utilisation of vaccination.
Are Zimbabwe’s local units of public management expendable?
(RUDN University, 2024) Marumahoko, Sylvester; Nhede, Norman Tafirenyika; norman.nhede@up.ac.za
The article focusses on the question of whether Zimbabwe’s local units of public management are substitutable. The question is asked considering Zimbabwe’s present heightened national government emasculation of lawfully designated local authorities’ powers and tasks. Water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, road construction and maintenance, healthcare, motor vehicle registration and licensing are just a few of the examples of local functions the national level has allocated to national agencies it directly controls over the past few years. Given this background, the article sought to explore through structured documentary analysis acceptability of the national level’s substitution of the local units of public governance in service delivery. Crucially, the engagement revolves around the fundamental policy issue of protecting the autonomy of the local units. Among others, the article finds that the local sphere of government is rooted in rich philosophies, theories and legal protections that make it indispensable in the country’s governmental system even as it is constantly encountering brutal assault seemingly designed to bring it into the orbit of national government; tamed, subdued and emasculated.
Industrial electricity pricing and renewable energy : a temporal analysis of the effect of taxes
(MDPI, 2025-04) Oyewole, Gbeminiyi John; Thopil, George Alex
This study investigates the industrial electricity pricing (IEP) profiles of 22 OECD countries to understand the effect of renewable energy and taxes on overall prices. Clustering analysis was performed on pricing data from the year 2000 to 2018 to observe how prices evolved. Ordinal logit regression analysis was performed to determine possible associations between the clustered groups and the percentage share of renewables generated (REG), specifically linked to wind, solar photovoltaics and solar thermal. Other independent variables indicating economic and market structures were also considered. Clustering results for both prices before and after tax indicated three pricing clusters, termed low, median, and high pricing clusters. IEP in Italy and Germany was found to have the highest effect owing to taxes, while IEP in countries such as the US, Norway, Canada, and Denmark was least affected by taxes. Regression results show positive associations between the clustered profiles and REG. The positive association between the non-taxed component of IEP and a unit increase in REG is 1.41 times, whereas the positive association of overall IEP price (including taxes) and a unit increase in REG is 56.26 times, which is 39.9 times higher. Our results show that REG penetration has had a minimal effect on IEP over the time under consideration, but rather that the taxation on IEP coincides with REG penetration, contributing to IEP increases.
Optimal parking lot retrofit planning for electric vehicle charging station during prolonged load shedding
(Elsevier, 2025-05) Yu, Gang; Ye, Xianming; Xia, Xiaohua; xianming.ye@up.ac.za
The rapidly increasing demand for electric vehicle (EV) charging drives the transition from conventional parking lots into charging stations. This transition, however, faces challenges in countries of Africa, Asia, and South America, where prolonged load shedding results in an unreliable power supply. This study addresses the optimal parking lot retrofit planning for EV charging stations, aiming to determine an ideal number of charging poles to be deployed within parking lots under prolonged load shedding. A multi-objective optimization approach is introduced to balance financial return and user satisfaction, generating Pareto-optimal solutions for charging stations. The impact of load shedding on the optimal retrofit planning is analyzed. Post-outage demand peaks substantially increase the maximum demand costs. The proposed charging scheduling method achieves a 14% reduction in maximum demand costs. The proposed parking lot retrofit planning approach improves weekly profit by 19% and user satisfaction by 14% compared to the existing planning approach. Additionally, this study investigates the implications of load shedding uncertainty, EV penetration rate, charging pole type, and time-of-use pricing on the optimal retrofit planning.
A quantitative modeling approach to energy justice in electric vehicle adoption
(Elsevier, 2025-05) Dall-Orsoletta, Alaize; Oosthuizen, Rudolph; Dranka, Geremi Gilson; Ferreira, Paula
Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is a key component of the global low-carbon transition, yet it may also give rise to social and ethical issues derived from its widespread adoption. Nonetheless, there is limited research on how justice issues can be integrated into EV-related decision-making, particularly through quantitative modeling. This study employs a system dynamics model to simulate the effects of various policies on EV adoption and charging infrastructure, incorporating quantitative proxies for distributive justice, an energy justice tenet. The model is parametrized and calibrated for the case of Portugal. The results reveal disparities in charging station distribution and EV ownership between urban and rural areas, with ownership parity delayed in scenarios involving increased vehicle demand. The EV market share is projected to reach 26 % in the baseline scenario and up to 83 % under a policy mix scenario by 2050. Subsidy policies further delay rural ownership parity (2045 vs. 2033 in the base case). The urban-to-rural ratio of public charging stations per unit of area varies from 2 to 7 by 2050. This study contributes to the emerging interdisciplinary field of energy justice by providing insights into the complexities of equitable EV adoption, supporting just and sustainable transitions.
A comparative overview of various single-shaft and parallel-flow Brayton cycles developed from turbochargers
(Elsevier, 2025-07) Cockcroft, C.C.; Le Roux, Willem Gabriel; willem.leroux@up.ac.za
Automotive turbochargers can be used to develop gas turbine cycles; however, turbochargers operate at low pressure ratios where cycle performance is sensitive to the addition of pressure-drop components. Parallel-flow Brayton cycles have been proposed to reduce the effect of pressure losses on cycle performance. This analytical study therefore compares various parallel-flow Brayton cycle configurations to their single-shaft counterparts, considering combustion, recuperation, as well as a concentrated solar power input via a solar dish and an open-cavity tubular receiver to identify where parallel-flow cycles are advantageous. Results show that the main shaft turbocharger choice greatly influences whether a single-shaft or a parallel-flow cycle is more beneficial. In recuperated solar cycles with a 6 % combustion chamber pressure loss, the parallel-flow low-temperature-turbine configuration with the solar receiver before the power turbine (in parallel with the main shaft) can achieve a peak thermal efficiency of 23.5 %, with 3 kW of power output, at a pressure ratio of 1.6. This can be compared with a peak thermal efficiency of 21.8 % at a pressure ratio of 1.75 for its single-shaft counterpart. In recuperated parallel-flow cycles and recuperated solar parallel-flow cycles, thermal efficiency performance improves under increased combustion chamber pressure losses, from 6 % up to 11 %, in contrast to the declining performance of single-shaft cycles. More specifically, at a pressure ratio of 1.8, results show that the parallel-flow low-temperature-turbine configuration can outperform its single-shaft counterpart when combustion chamber pressure losses exceed 8.7 %. The study highlights the potential of parallel-flow Brayton cycles for recuperation and concentrated solar power integration, particularly in low-pressure-ratio systems, offering practical guidance for turbocharger and cycle configuration selection. Previous article in issue
Pre-service teachers demonstrating compassion through expressions of care
(Routledge, 2025) Brewer, Brittany M.; Marciano, Joanne E.; Watson, Vaughn W.M.; Vandeyar, Saloshna
This qualitative research study examines the perspectives of pre-service teachers (PSTs) in the US and South Africa as they learned about the pedagogy of compassion as a generative approach for supporting students in navigating issues of social justice in the context of English teaching and learning. We examine PSTs’ work generated in a secondary English methods course in the US and interviews with 14 PSTs: 10 in the US and 4 in South Africa. Findings highlight PSTs’ considerations of the opportunities and challenges involved in enacting the pedagogy of compassion in their future work with students. For example, PSTs sought to demonstrate compassion through expressions of care as they envisioned teaching and learning in their future classrooms. Implications of this work are provided for English teachers, English teacher educators, and educational researchers.

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