The effect of three complexes of iodine with amino acids on gene expression of model antibiotic resistant microorganisms Escherichia coli ATCC BAA-196 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39
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The effect of three complexes of iodine with amino acids on gene expression of model antibiotic resistant microorganisms Escherichia coli ATCC BAA-196 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39
BACKGROUND : Iodine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial disinfectant for topical application. Recent studies have shown promising results on the applicability of an iodine-containing complex, FS-1, against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. It was hypothesized that the antimicrobial activity of iodine-containing complexes may be modulated by the organic moiety of the complex, i.e., amino acids. METHODS : Gene regulation and metabolic alterations were studied in two model multidrug-resistant microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39, and Escherichia coli ATCC BAA- 196, treated with three complexes containing iodine and three different amino acids: glycine, Lalanine, and L-isoleucine. The bacterial cultures were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the complexes in the lagging and logarithmic growth phases. Gene regulation was studied by total RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis. RESULTS : The central metabolism of the treated bacteria was affected. An analysis of the regulation of genes involved in stress responses suggested the disruption of cell wall integrity, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in the treated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS : Previous studies showed that the application of iodine-containing complexes, such as FS-1, serves as a supplement to common antibiotics and can be a promising way to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Current results shed light on possible mechanisms of this action by disrupting the cell wall barriers and imposing oxidative stress. It was also found that the effect of the complexes on metabolic pathways varied in the tested microorganisms depending on the organic moiety of the complexes and the growth phase when the complexes had been applied.
Description:
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The RNA reads generated for this study are available from the NCBI
SRA database through the BioProjects PRJNA557356 and PRJNA480363 created, respectively, for
the genomes of E. coli ATCC BAA-196 and S. aureus ATCC BAA-39. The links to the respective
SRA Experiments are available on the BioProjectWeb-pages. The predicted X-ray structures of the
complexes KS25, KS33, and KS51 were deposited at the CCDC database (https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.
uk/, accessed on 26 June 2023) under accession numbers 1036607, 1036667, and 1436137, respectively.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE S1. X-ray diffraction and refinement parameters; SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE S2. Genes regulated with statistical reliability (|fold change| 2.0; p-value 0.05) under the effect of iodine-containing complexes at least at one condition; SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE S3. Regulation of expression of genes involved in the central metabolism of bacteria by the three tested complexes.