S1 Appendix. The PRISMA flow diagram.
S2 Appendix. R code for the analyses.
S3 Appendix. Complete list of scholarly papers on elephant impact.
S1 Fig. The number of papers published each year since 1947 on the effect that elephant
had on the environment.
S2 Fig. Frequency distributions of the individual elephant effects (k) on soil properties.
S1 Table. Type, description, and source of the variables included in the generalized linear
mixed-effects models to explain elephant impact.
S2 Table. Selection parameters of the candidate generalized linear mixed-effects models
that describe the variation in direct effects.
S3 Table. Selection parameters of the candidate generalized linear mixed-effects models
that describe the variation in indirect effects.