1972 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 39, 1972

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 39: Number 1*

Mycoflora, toxicity and nutritive value of mouldy maize	Masaras, WFO & Smalley, EB	1

Immune response of merino sheep to inactivated Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis vaccine	Cameron, CM, Minnaar, JL, Engelbrecht, MM & Purdom, MR	11

Cestodes from rodents in the Republic of South Africa	Collins, HM	25

Recovery of parasitic nematodes from the gastro-intestinal tract of a mule at autopsy	Reinecke, RK & Brookers, D	51

"Grootlamsiekte", a specific syndrome of prolonged gestation in sheep : further investigations	Joubert, JP, Basson, PA, Lucks, HJ & Burger, JHS	59

Ingestion of the plant Fadogia monticola Robyns as an additional cause of gousiekte in ruminants	Hurter, LR, Naude, TW, Adelaar, TF, Smit, JD & Codd, LE	71


*Volume 39: Number 2*

The experimental transmission of Theileria ovis by Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus and R. bursa	Neitz, WO	83

Staphylococcal mastitis : phage types and patterns of S. aureus	Giesecke, WH, Van den Heever, LW & Du Toit, IJ	87

An electrocardiographic study of normal sheep using a modified technique	Schultz, RA, Pretorius, PJ & Terblanche, M	97

First report of facial eczema in sheep in South Africa	Marasas, WFO, Adelaar, TF, Kellerman, TS, Minne, JA, Van Rensburg, IBJ & Burroughs, GW	107

Oocysts of Isospora papionis in the skeletal muscles of chacma baboons	McConnell, EE, Basson, PA, Thomas, SE & De Vos, V	113

Laboratory investigations on the life-cycle of Rhipicephalus theileri Bedford & Hewitt, 1925 (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)	Neitz, WO, Boughton, F & Walters, HS	117

Research note:

Taenia multiceps larva from a gemsbok	Verster, A & Bezuidenhout, JD	123


*Volume 39: Number 3*

Interferon induction by bluetongue virus and bluetongue virus ribonucleic acid	Eksteen, PAL & Huismans, H	125

Electron microscopic and serological studies on simian virus S.A. 11 and the "related" O agent	Lecatsas, G	133

Characterization of eight rough mutants of Salmonella gallinarum	Cameron, CM, Fuls, WJP & Van Reenen, L	139

Host preferences of Culicoides midges (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in South Africa as determined by precipitin tests and light trap catches	Nevill, EM & Anderson, D	147

An anthelmintic test for gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle	Reinecke, RK	153

Studies on schistosomiasis. 3. Detection of antibodies against Schistosoma mattheei by the indirect immuno-fluorescent method	Du Plessis, JL & Van Wyk, JA	179

Short communication:

Clinical foot-and-mouth disease in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)	Young, E, Hedger, RS & Howell, PG	181


*Volume 39: Number 4*

Studies on the in vitro and the in vivo transcription of the bluetongue virus genome	Verwoerd, DW & Huismans, H	185

Visualization of the extracapsid coat in certain bluetongue-type viruses	Lecatsas, G & Gorman, BM	193

Phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells from mice	Oellermann, RA, Hoogenhout, J & Carter, P	197

A mycotoxicosis of equidae caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. A preliminary communication	Kellerman, TS, Marasas, WFO, Pienaar, JG & Naude, TW	205

An electrocardiographic study of normal goats and cattle using a modified technique	Schultz, RA & Pretorius, PJ	209

Research notes:

Some protozoan parasites of tragelaphine antelopes in South Africa with special reference to a Babesia sp. in a bushbuck and a Trypanosoma theileri-like parasite in a nyala	Bigalke, RD, Keep, ME & Schoeman, JH	225

Formation of Wallal virus in cell culture	Gorman, BM & Lecatsas, G	229

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 27

Formation of Wallal virus in cell culture
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1972) Gorman, B.M.; Lecatsas, G.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Some protozoan parasites of tragelaphine antelopes in South Africa with special reference to a Babesia sp. in a bushbuck and a Trypanosoma Theileri-like parasite in a nyala
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Bigalke, R.D.; Keep, M.E.; Schoeman, J.H.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
An electrocardiographic study of normal goats and cattle using a modified technique
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Schultz, R.A. (Rowena Anitra); Pretorius, P.J.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
An electrocardiographic technique, developed in sheep in the standing position, was applied to normal cattle and goats. Recordings were made with Einthoven's triangle in the sagittal plane and with the electrodes in rigidly fixed positions in relation to the heart. Waves of high amplitude and reproducible configurations were obtained in 22 goats and 15 cattle.
A mycotoxicosis of Equidae caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. A preliminary communication
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Marasas, Walter F.O. (Walter Friedrich Otto); Pienaar, J.G.; Naude, T.W.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon was isolated from maize suspected of causing field cases of leucoencephalomalacia in horses in South Africa. It was cultured on autoclaved maize and dosed to three horses and three donkeys. One horse and one donkey did not develop any sign of toxicosis; in another donkey an unexplained transient pruritis was encountered and two horses and one donkey died. Clinical signs observed in those animals that died included subcutaneous oedema and icterus. The gross pathological lesions consisted of severe cardiac haemorrhages; petechiae and ecchymoses in various organs; oedema; icterus and liver damage. Histopathological lesions included diffuse fatty changes in the liver; fibroplasia around the central veins and portal tracts with bile duct proliferation; increased numbers of mitotic figures in the hepatocytes; megalocytosis and biliary stasis. The only brain lesions found were small perivascular haemorrhages. This is in contrast with previous findings on this fungus where leucoencephalomalacia was the characteristic lesion. The liver damage and haemorrhagic syndrome caused by these isolates of F. moniliforme are discussed in the light of the prevalence of this fungus on maize.
Phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells from mice
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Hoogenhout, Joan; Carter, P.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Oellermann, R.A.
Phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells in mice was stimulated by injection of 0,1 ml mineral oil or varying concentrations of lysolecithin. Optimal lysolecithin concentration was found to be 2 to 5 µg per mouse. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells from mice was determined by spectral analysis of dioxane extracts of cells after incubation in the presence of polystyrene latex particles. Maximum uptake of latex particles occurred after an incubation period of 1 h. Maximum phagocytic activity was observed in cells harvested 3 days after stimulation with mineral oil and approximately 4 days after stimulation with lysolecithin. Electron microscopy of these cells revealed a similar pattern of phagocytic activity. Latex particles are inert and not metabolized by the cells and their uptake was therefore compared with the phagocytosis of bluetongue virus particles. Electron microscopic studies of the uptake of bluetongue virus showed that although adsorption of the virus on the surface membrane occurred practically no phagocytosis was observed 1 day after stimulation with lysolecithin. Maximum phagocytosis of virus particles occurred 3 to 4 days after stimulation with lysolecithin.
Visualization of the extracapsid coat in certain bluetongue-type viruses
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Lecatsas, G.; Gorman, B.M.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Electron microscopic studies employing the negative staining technique have demonstrated an extracapsid coat in Corriparta, Eubenangee, D'Aguilar, Warrego, Mitchell R, Wallal and M9/71 viruses. These observations are substantiated by the fact that coated and uncoated virus particles exhibit different diameters.
Taenia multiceps larva from a gemsbok
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Verster, Anna J.M.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Round (1968) records polycephalic cestode larvae (Coenurus) from various African mammals in Zoological gardens, viz. Alcelaphus sp., Capra ibex Linnaeus, 1758, Hippotragus equinus (Desmarest, 1804), Sylvicapragrimmia (Linnaeus, 1758). In the last eight years, however, similar larvae have been recovered from four free-living gemsbok, Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758), in South West Africa (Verster, unpublished data). Because polycephalic larvae from intramuscular and subcutaneous tissues of ruminants have been assigned to either Taenia multiceps Leske, 1780 or to Taenia gaigeri (Hall, 1916), an available larva from one of these gemsbok was fed to a domestic dog to establish the identity of the resulting adult.
Laboratory investigations on the life-cycle of Rhipicephalus theileri Bedford & Hewitt, 1925 (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Neitz, W.O.; Walters, H.S.; Boughton, F.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Detailed data on the rearing of the progeny of a single R. theileri female for 7 generations at 25 to 26°C and 85 to 90% RH are presented in a series of tables and a figure. The average duration of the lifecycle is 491 days. The reason for the mortality rate of 96% of the immature stages in all batches during the prefeeding, feeding and premoulting stages is obscure.
Studies on the in vitro and the in vivo transcription of the bluetongue virus genome
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Huismans, H. (Henk), 1942-
Bluetongue virus particles, converted to a high density form by the selective removal of two polypeptides from their protein capsids, possess RNA dependent RNA polymerase activity. The enzyme, which can be assayed by its ability to incorporate nucleoside triphosphates into RNA in an in vitro system, is dependent on magnesium ions, is stimulated by the presence of manganese ions and shows maximal activity at 28°C. The product of the in vitro reaction was isolated and shown to consist of ten single-stranded RNA segments which can be hybridized with double-stranded RNA isolated from purified bluetongue virus (BTV). The hybridization product, when analyzed by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is indistinguishable from a hybrid obtained using BTV messenger RNA isolated from infected cells. It is therefore deduced that the BTV genome is fully transcribed both in vitro and in vivo by an enzyme present in the viral capsid.
Oocysts of Isospora papionis in the skeletal muscles of chacma baboons
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) McConnell, E.E.; Basson, P.A.; Thomas, Shan E.; De Vos, Valerius; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Numerous partially and fully sporulated oocysts of Isospora papionis were found in the skeletal muscles of two free-ranging adult male chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Only one of them had I. papionis oocysts in the intestines and then only a few. The oocysts appeared potentially viable and provoked a mild inflammatory response.The importance of the parasite in this location in regard to its life-cycle is discussed.
Clinical foot-and-mouth disease in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Young, E.; Hedger, R.S.; Howell, P.G.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
First report of facial eczema in sheep in South Africa
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Marasas, Walter F.O. (Walter Friedrich Otto); Adelaar, T.F.; Minne, J.A.; Van Rensburg, I.B.J.; Burroughs, G.W.; Kellerman, T. Stephanus; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.
The occurrence of facial eczema in sheep in the Republic of South Africa is reported for the first time. The disease in this country is similar to that described in New Zealand and Australia. To date it has only been diagnosed in Merino sheep on artificial pastures in the Humansdorp area of the Cape Province. The fungus Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis was isolated from grass litter in these pastures. One of these isolates was shown to produce sporidesmin and the typical clinical and histopathological signs of facial eczema were reproduced upon dosing this culture to a lamb.
Studies on schistosomiasis. 3. Detection of antibodies against Schistosoma mattheei by the indirect immuno-fluorescent method
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Du Plessis, J.L.; Van Wyk, Jan Aucamp; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
The indirect fluorescent antibody test was employed to determine levels of serum antibodies in cattle and sheep infested with Schistosoma mattheei. Using smears of schistosome cercariae as antigen, a high degree of specificity and sensitivity was obtained. High titres were obtained in sera from all the animals infested with schistosomiasis, while those from animals infested with various other helminths gave negative results. The antigen-antibody complex appeared to be localised in the cuticle of the cercaria.
An electrocardiographic study of normal sheep using a modified technique
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Schultz, R.A. (Rowena Anitra); Pretorius, P.J.; Terblanche, M.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A technique was developed which allowed a reproducible electrocardiogram to be recorded in normal sheep. Einthoven's triangle was moved to the sagittal plane and the needle electrodes were positioned at fixed points. Six electrocardiographic leads and the phonocardiogram were registered. High amplitudes and reproducible wave configurations were produced.
An anthelmintic test for gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Reinecke, R.K.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Suitable experimental groups of calves for controlled anthelmintic tests were created by repeatedly dosing susceptible worm-free animals orally with infective larvae of Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Cooperia spp. (C. pectinata plus C. punctata) and giving a single percutaneous dose of Bunostomum phlebotomum. Calves were infested in such a way that at treatment the worms were either present as third stage larvae, fourth stage larvae or fifth and adult stages. Enough calves were infested to enable the data to be interpreted by the non-parametric method. Optimal results were achieved by testing compounds against a specific stage of development. A combined test was evolved where two groups of 11 calves were treated when the worms were at different stages of development but only a single group of 9 control calves was used. For more accurate worm counts delaying the slaughter of calves for 3 to 4 weeks after administering the final dose of infective larvae is advocated. Nylon grit gauze with 500 micron apertures allows worms to migrate more easily into the filtrate of the ingesta than nylon mesh with 225 micron apertures in which they tend to become trapped.
Host preferences of Culicoides midges (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in South Africa as determined by precipitin tests and light trap catches
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Nevill, E.M.; Anderson, D.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
The host-preferences of a number of South African Culicoides biting midges were determined by precipitin tests and by an analysis of catches from light traps set near host animals. Results showed C. pallidipennis to feed predominantly on cattle and horses and possibly sheep, C. schultzei mainly on cattle, C. distinctipennis only on birds (possibly poultry), C. pycnostictus chiefly on birds, and C. milnei mostly on horses. A further five species gave positive precipitin test reactions to blood of either cattle, horses or birds but too few specimens were available for the significance of these reactions to be evaluated. These results suggest that C. pallidipennis and C. schultzei might be involved in the transmission of cattle diseases, C. pallidipennis and C. milnei of horse diseases, C. distinctipennis and C. pycnostictus of poultry diseases and C. pallidipennis of sheep diseases.
Staphylococcal mastitis : phage types and patterns of S. aureus
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Van den Heever, Louwrens Wepener; Du Toit, I.J.; Giesecke, W.H.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Phage typing of 187 isolates of S. aureus showed that a small proportion of udder infections was caused by "human" strains of S. aureus and the majority by "bovine" strains. A total of 35 different phage patterns was determined. The majority of S. aureus isolates (78,3%) lyzed by phages were resistant to one or more antibiotics at high test levels.
The experimental transmission of Theileria ovis by Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus and R. bursa
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Neitz, W.O.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.
The successful transmission of Theileria ovis Rodhain, 1916 to splenectomized sheep by Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus Donitz and R. bursa Canestrini & Fanzago is recorded. The protozoon is acquired by the immature stages of these two ticks and transmitted by the ensuing adults. The course of the disease is accompanied by pyrexia and a transitory appearance of schizonts in films prepared from swollen lymph nodes while endoglobular parasites are demonstrable during the reaction and for long periods after recovery.
Ingestion of the plant Fadogia monticola Robyns as an additional cause of gousiekte in ruminants
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Hurter, L.R.; Naude, T.W.; Adelaar, T.F.; Smit, J.D.; Codd, L.E.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; de Kock, V.E.
Investigation of outbreaks of gousiekte in cattle in the northern Transvaal revealed that Fadogia monticola Robyns is an additional cause of this disease, which is characterized by sudden heart failure without prodromal signs. It results from a chronic lymphocytic myocarditis and death occurs after a latent period of 4 to 8 weeks. The condition was reproduced in cattle, sheep and goats in feeding and dosing trials. This is the first report of gousiekte being caused by a plant of the genus Fadogia and brings the total number of plant species incriminated in this syndrome to five, all members of the family Rubiaceae.
"Grootlamsiekte", a specific syndrome of prolonged gestation in sheep : further investigations
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria, 1972) Basson, P.A.; Lucks, H.J.; Joubert, J.P.J.; Burger, J.H.S.; De Lange, M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Howell, P.G.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
By feeding both leaves and twigs of Salsola tuberculata var. tomentosa to pregnant ewes, it was established that the daily ingestion of 0,9 kg of this material for at least 10 to 50 days during any stage of gestation could result in postmaturity. The leaves mainly affected the terminal 50 days of pregnancy, whereas the twigs prolonged gestation even when fed during the initial 50 days. The longest gestation period after feeding twigs was 205 days and after leaves 214 days. Many of the lambs born between 150 and 165 days of gestation were either smaller than or equal in size to control lambs and enlarged ones were born mainly after longer periods. The heaviest experimental post-mature lamb mass-measured 9,46 kg. Normal post-natal development of multiple vesicular follicles was found in the ovaries of lambs born at normal term. This may at least partly explain the presence of ovarian polyfollicularity in post-maturity. Partus was frequently successfully induced by using stilboestrol and oxytocin, especially between 150 and 170 days of gestation. Many dystocias, however, occurred. The shrub is apparently most harmful when the dormant stages are ingested, especially during droughts. This phenomenon may be related either to an increased intake or to increased toxicity or to both factors.

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