Research Articles (Anatomy)

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The effect of burial in containers filled with naturally occurring soil and mine tailings on decomposition : a porcine pilot study
Maikov, Artem Vitalievich; Myburgh, Jolandie; Keyes, Craig Adam (Springer, 2026-01)
Due to the complexity of the decomposition process and all the variables affecting it, there are many factors that have not been thoroughly examined. The impact of different soil types on decomposition of buried remains has received relatively little attention. This study sought to investigate the impact of three soil types on decomposition. Fourteen piglet carcasses were used to assess and compare the decomposition patterns and rates that take place in dolomite and quartzite (two soil types common in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa), as well as in tailings from gold mines (another common feature in southern Johannesburg). Each piglet was buried in a container filled with one of these soil types (four for Dolomite, five for quartzite and mine tailings) and was periodically partially exhumed to record Total Body Score progression as thermal energy (measured in Accumulated Degree Days) accumulated. Soil samples were also taken to record the soil’s water content and pH level. The decomposition of the dolomite and mine tailing-interred piglets was found to differ significantly, with the latter progressing more rapidly. Dolomite was also consistently the soil type with the lowest water content and the least pH fluctuation, while quartzite had the highest water content and the most significant changes in pH over the course of the experiment. While this study has experimental limitations, it provides novel results that will help forensic practitioners understand subterranean decomposition in South Africa, and possibly other countries with similar climates and soil types.
Growth and development of the cranial complex and its implications for sex estimation
Stull, Kyra Elizabeth; Wolfe, Christopher A.; New, Briana T.; Corron, Louise K.; Spradley, Kate (MDPI, 2025-09-10)
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES : The incorporation of the human growth and development literature, an ontogenetic framework, a large virtual sample of individuals across the entire growth period, and a contemporary sample of adult individuals provides a unique opportunity to explore the cranial complex across the entire life cycle. This study (1) assesses cranial variation in postnatal ontogeny to determine the life history stage during which subadult crania can reach comparable levels of phenotypic expression to adult crania and (2) exposes when biological sex can be estimated using craniometric data from immature individuals with accuracy levels comparable to adults. METHODS : Contemporary individuals between birth and 102 years of age from one virtual (Subadult Virtual Anthropology Database; SVAD) and one skeletal (Forensic Data Bank; FDB) collection were used in the analyses (n = 2152). RESULTS : Discriminant analysis reveals a clear ontogenetic trajectory across the life history stages, with adolescents, SVAD adults, and FDB adults exhibiting similar cranial dimensions. The analysis also revealed a shift from the growth energetic period into the reproductive energetic period during adolescence. This transition is reflected in the divergence of male and female craniometrics in adolescence, which is also when sex estimation accuracy is comparable to SVAD and FDB adults. CONCLUSIONS : The current study argues that skeletal and/or dental maturity is not necessary to estimate sex using the cranium and urges the field to reconsider methodological divisions between subadults and adults.
Exploring cranial growth patterns from birth to adulthood for forensic research and practice
New, Briana T.; Stull, Kyra Elizabeth; Corron, Louise K.; Wolfe, Christopher A. (MDPI, 2025-09)
BACKGROUND : Although cranial growth has been extensively explored, forensic and biological anthropology lack a formal incorporation of how cranial growth processes impact the adult phenotype and downstream biological profile estimations. OBJECTIVES : This research uses an ontogenetic framework to identify when interlandmark distances (ILDs) stabilize during growth to reach adult levels of variation and to evaluate patterns of cranial sexual size dimorphism. METHODS : Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) were conducted on standardized cranial ILDs for 595 individuals from the Subadult Virtual Anthropology Database (SVAD) and the Forensic Data Bank (FDB) aged between birth and 25 years. Cross-Validated R-squared (CVRSq) values evaluated ILD variation explained by age while knot placements identified meaningful changes in ILD growth trajectories. RESULTS : Results reveal the ages at which males and females reach craniometric maturity across splanchnocranium, neurocranium, basicranium and cross-regional ILDs. Changes in growth patterns observed here largely align with growth milestones of integrated soft tissue and skeletal structures as well as developmental milestones like puberty. CONCLUSIONS : Our findings highlight the variability in growth by sex and cranial region and move forensic anthropologists towards recognizing cranial growth as a mosaic, continuous process with overlap between subadults and adults rather than consistently approaching subadult and adult research separately.
Human tissue research ethics and consent models : global reflections in anatomical sciences
Singh, S.; De Gama, Brenda Zola; Pillay, P. (Elsevier, 2026-02)
BACKGROUND : Human tissue research has evolved to include three-dimensional (3-D) printing, genetic research, digital imaging of human tissue, plastination, and the public display of human tissue. This has resulted in several concerns about ethical acquisition, storage, and use of human tissue, particularly informed consent. This empirical study obtained the perspectives and viewpoints of anatomists and researchers across five countries on the ethical components of human tissue research. METHODS : Thirty in-depth Zoom interviews were conducted with participants from South Africa, the United States of America (USA), New Zealand, Germany, and France. Participants shared their perspectives and viewpoints on informed consent models, ethical challenges surrounding human tissue research, and existing gaps in policy guidelines. The data was analysed using thematic and content analysis. RESULTS : Participants (57 %) indicated that human tissue research on the living and deceased is ethically different; hence, requires separate policy guidelines and regulations. There was a clear preference for ‘broad consent’ and ‘fully informed consent’ when conducting research on living humans and using cadaveric tissue, respectively. Key ethical challenges and policy gaps were identified as contemporary human tissue research, commercialising human tissue, consent for foetal tissue, and using unconsented skeletal collections and unidentified bodies for human tissue research. CONCLUSIONS : This study highlights the moral complexity of contemporary human tissue research. It underscores the necessity for context-specific consent models and regulatory alignment for commercialisation and contemporary research uses of human tissue. Additionally, recommendations are provided to fill the policy gaps highlighted on consent models and ethical challenges in human tissue research.
Anatomical variations of the frontal sinus drainage pathway and its related factors on high-resolution computed tomography : prevalence patterns and implications
Naidu, Livashin; Sibiya, Lindokuhle A.; Aladeyelu, Okikioluwa S.; Rennie, Carmen O. (Sociedad Anatomica Espanola, 2025-07)
The extensive adoption of functional endoscopic sinus surgery necessitates a clear understanding of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus anatomy. The frontal sinus drainage pathway displays the most complex anatomy of these areas. This study aimed to explore anatomical variations of the frontal sinus drainage pathway within a South African population, focusing on variations in frontal sinus drainage patterns, superior attachments of the uncinate process and frontal recess pneumatization patterns. Eighty-six frontal sinus drainage pathways were analyzed using computed tomography scans (bilateral analyses). The frontal sinus drained anteromedial to the uncinate process and directly into the middle meatus in 52.3% of cases; and posterolateral to the uncinate process and into the ethmoidal infundibulum in 47.7%. The superior attachment of the uncinate process was the lamina papyracea in 52.3% of cases, skull base in 38.4%, and middle turbinate in 9.3%. Agger nasi cells were the most frequently observed frontal recess cells (95.3%), followed by supra bulla cells (57.0%). Supraorbital ethmoid cells were observed least frequently (15.1%). Detailed preoperative analyses of the frontal sinus drainage pathway that highlight its drainage pattern, the uncinate process’ superior attachment and the frontal recess’ pneumatization pattern are vital because of their extensive variations. The present study advocates for description of the frontal recess pneumatization pattern using the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification system. Anatomical knowledge gained from this study can be applied to surgical procedures to improve preoperative planning and ensure good postoperative results.
Lateral extra-articular tenodesis provides similar anterior stability but is superior to anterolateral ligament reconstruction for internal rotation resistance when combined with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction : a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hohmann, Erik; Molepo, Maketo; Keough, Natalie (Sage, 2026)
BACKGROUND : While both lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) and anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ALLR) address rotational knee instability, their techniques and targeted anatomy differ, potentially leading to variations in effectiveness and stability. PURPOSE : To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of basic science laboratory-based cadaveric studies comparing anterior tibial translation (ATT) and resistance to internal tibial rotation between ALLR and LET, both in combination with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). STUDY DESIGN : Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS : A systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar, including all biomechanical studies comparing ALLR with LET in conjunction with ACLR published between 2000 and 2024, was conducted. Study quality was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist for qualitative research and the Biomechanics Objective Basic Science Quality Assessment Tool (BOBQAT). The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity within and between studies. The mean effect size was calculated, and a prediction interval was established to determine whether 95% of comparable populations would fall within the true effect size range. Publication bias was analyzed through funnel plots and the Egger test. RESULTS : The CASP checklist determined that all 7 studies were valuable. Based on the BOBQAT, 5 studies were classified as moderate quality, while 2 were rated as fair quality. The Egger regression intercept was −0.681 (P = .81), and the funnel plot displayed symmetry, indicating no publication bias. Comparisons of ATT between ALLR and LET across all flexion angles revealed no significant differences. Comparisons of internal tibial rotation resistance demonstrated significant differences at all flexion angles, favoring LET. When compared with the ACL-intact state, ALLR effectively restored knee stability for both ATT and internal tibial rotation resistance, close to the native state. In contrast, LET also restored knee stability for ATT and internal tibial rotation resistance but resulted in significant overconstraint of internal tibial rotation resistance at 30° and 60° of flexion. CONCLUSION : This meta-analysis demonstrated that LET provided superior resistance to internal rotation but was associated with a degree of overconstraint. No significant biomechanical differences in ATT were observed between LET and ALLR when combined with ACLR. ALLR effectively restored both ATT and internal tibial rotation resistance to near-native knee levels.
In silico and in vitro evaluation of flavonoid derivatives for diabetes management : molecular dynamics, and enzyme kinetics for pancreatic alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase
McMillan, Jamie; Bester, Megan Jean; Apostolides, Zeno (Springer, 2025-11)
Please read abstract in the article.
Alleviation of adverse effects associated with α-glucosidase inhibitors by Ocimum basilicum L., Matricaria chamomilla L., and Salvia officinalis L. reveals novel selective inhibition of Bacillus α-glucosidase by acarbose
Van der Merwe, Lané; Bester, Megan Jean; Serem, June Cheptoo; Apostolides, Zeno (Elsevier, 2026-04)
Ocimum basilicum L., Matricaria chamomilla L., and Salvia officinalis L. have literature-supported ethnobotanical claims of reducing hyperglycaemia and gastrointestinal discomfort. Thus, they contain potent potential for reducing gastrointestinal adverse side effects associated with the use of the type 2 diabetes medication, acarbose. The adverse effects are predominantly theorised to be caused by excess carbohydrate fermentation by gut bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to subject herbal extracts as well as compounds identified in the herbs to in silico and in vitro investigation for selective inhibition of a gut bacterial enzyme, Bacillus α-glucosidase, compared with human α-glucosidase. In silico molecular docking was employed to filter and select top performing compounds that exhibited the highest selective Bacillus α-glucosidase inhibition, followed by pharmacokinetic examination of the selected compounds. In vitro enzyme kinetics, hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cytotoxicity and the reduction of hepatic lipid accumulation in a hepatocellular carcinoma/oleic acid cellular model of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease was examined. A metabolomic study on the concentration of the selected compounds in the herbs as well as a comparative analysis on abundant metabolites between herbs were analysed through an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based study. Molecular docking revealed cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, epicatechin, hesperetin, linalool, menthol, octenol, terpineol, umbelliferone, and vanillic acid as the top predicted compounds with the highest predicted selective inhibition of Bacillus α-glucosidase. These findings were validated through in vitro assessment, in which the primary finding and the most unexpected result was obtained through enzyme kinetics, where compared with all compounds, acarbose exhibited the most potent inhibition and selectivity towards Bacillus α-glucosidase. Only umbelliferone significantly reduced cell viability and therefore validated its predicted toxicity that was obtained through pharmacokinetic studies. O. basilicum, M. chamomilla, and S. officinalis were evaluated against Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze for cytotoxic effects, where only M. chamomilla produced a significantly higher EC50, substantiating the herbs potent anti-cancerous abilities. Compounds and herb extracts were not found to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. The novel finding was related to acarbose inhibition and specifically its potent selectivity of Bacillus α-glucosidase which discredits and disproves the theory that excess bacterial fermentation is the cause behind acarbose's reported adverse effects. Thus, this research study rather proves that acarbose negatively affects gut bacterial enzymes, promoting microbiome dysbiosis and therefore future research should at the forefront focus on the rehabilitation of diabetic patients' gut microbiome and intestinal health. HIGHLIGHTS • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication, acarbose, causes adverse gastrointestinal side effects. • It is theorised this is due to excess carbohydrate fermentation by gut bacteria. • However, acarbose proved potent selective inhibition towards Bacillus α-glucosidase. • Disproving the theory, showing acarbose negatively affect gut bacterial enzymes. • Leading to possible future pathogenic Bacillus α-glucosidase inhibition by acarbose.
First articulating os coxae, femur, and tibia of a small adult Paranthropus robustus from Member 1 (hanging remnant) of the Swartkrans Formation, South Africa
Pickering, Travis Rayne; Cazenave, Marine; Clarke, R.J.; Heile, A.J.; Caruana, Matthew V.; Kuman, Kathleen; Stratford, Dominic; Brain, C.K.; Heaton, Jason L. (Elsevier, 2025-04)
Since paleontological work began there in 1948, Swartkrans (South Africa) has yielded hundreds of Early Pleistocene hominin fossils, currently attributed to (in ascending order of quantity) cf. Australopithecus africanus, Homo spp., and Paranthropus robustus. The bulk of that large sample comprises craniodental remains, with (mostly fragmentary) postcranial materials being much less abundant at the site. In that context, our announcement here of the first articulating partial os coxae, nearly complete femur, and complete tibia of a young adult hominin (SWT1/HR-2), excavated from the <2.3 to >1.7-million-year-old Hanging Remnant (Member 1) of the Swartkrans Formation, represents an important addition to the understanding of hominin postural and locomotor behavior in Early Pleistocene South Africa. We provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions and initial functional morphological interpretations of the fossils, based mostly on external bone morphology. Epiphyseal fusion data, element dimensions, the crural index, and live body stature and mass estimates that we provide all indicate that SWT1/HR-2 is one of the smallest known adult hominins in the fossil record. We discuss the paleobiological implications of these findings in relation to our taxonomic diagnosis of SWT1/HR-2 as representing P. robustus.
Case-specific accuracy in sex estimation from long bones in forensic anthropology : an “accuracy x-factors” approach
Knecht, Siam; Krüger, Gabriele Christa; Liebenberg, Leandi; Ardagna, Yann; Perrin, Marie; Ouladsine, Mustapha; Roman, Christophe; Adalian, Pascal (Elsevier, 2026-02)
BACKGROUND : Sex estimation from human skeletal remains is a cornerstone of forensic anthropological analysis. Long bones, despite exhibiting less pronounced dimorphism than pelvis, serve as invaluable substitutes. However, traditional statistical approaches for sex estimation from long bone measurements often lack the precision and case-specific reliability demanded by stringent legal standards. This study addresses these critical limitations by rigorously exploring the potential of machine learning (ML) to significantly enhance sex estimation from long bones. METHODS : We analyzed 16 osteometric measurements from the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia of 2969 individuals (1207 females, 1762 males) across eight skeletal collections. Eleven ML algorithms were trained and cross-validated, then validated on an independent South African sample. To address the common issue of incomplete remains, we developed an “accuracy x-factors” approach. This method simulates missing data scenarios and selects tailored training subsets, yielding individualized reliability assessments adapted to specific measurement availability. RESULTS : Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) consistently achieved the highest performance, with accuracies up to 93 %. The “accuracy x-factors” approach proved effective in providing per-individual confidence measures, highlighting that prediction reliability varies with data completeness. Adjusting thresholds to higher confidence levels (e.g., >0.7) substantially reduced error rates, allowing a conservative yet legally robust classification of a smaller but more reliable subset of cases. CONCLUSION : ML offers a powerful framework for sex estimation from long bones. The proposed “accuracy x-factors” approach introduces a significant methodological advance by delivering transparent, case-specific confidence levels. This strengthens both the forensic applicability and the legal admissibility of long bone-based sex estimation. HIGHLIGHTS • Eleven ML algorithms tested; LDA reached up to 93 % accuracy on an independent south African sample. • Missing data shown to strongly affect prediction reliability. • “Accuracy x-factors” provide case-specific reliability in sex estimation. • Higher thresholds (>0.7) reduce error rates and increase legal robustness. • Method offers transparent and admissible framework for forensic casework.
Validating the morphology of 3D-printed cranial projectile trauma as a skeletal alternative for utilisation in a court of law
Ibanez Martin, Claudia; L'Abbe, Ericka Noelle; De Wet, Pieter Daniël; Ridel, Alison Fany (Elsevier, 2026-03)
Forensic anthropology has become crucial for global cases involving firearm-related injuries. Although skeletal evidence is valuable, its presentation in court may re-traumatise families or bias reactions, influencing the verdict. To mitigate these risks, the adoption of 3D printing technologies in court has increased, allowing the handling of human remains without the drawbacks of presenting biological evidence. This study aimed to validate 3D-printed skeletal technologies as alternatives for courtroom evidence, focusing on cranial bullet defects through 3D topographical analysis and investigating the accuracy of 3D-printed skeletal models. Samples were scanned using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography; their 3D meshes were generated, 3D printed using powder Selective Laser Sintering, resin Stereolithography, and polylactic acid (PLA) filament Fused Deposition Modelling technologies, and scanned again. The reference and 3D print meshes were aligned, and a colour map allowed visual inspection of morphological discrepancies of up to 1 mm (0 mm shown in blue, 1 mm in red). Powder-based prints exhibited the highest accuracy for representing crania, predominantly coloured dark blue (0 mm). PLA filament prints were accurate for examining smaller cranial surfaces (mostly 0 mm), whereas resin prints were the least accurate for crania (mostly 0.5-1 mm). 3D-printed skeletal material can be utilised in legal settings with a colour map elucidating discrepancies. While powder-based prints are preferred, other materials may better suit specific applications. Further research should evaluate the impact of 3D prints on judicial decision-making and refine 3D printing techniques for forensic anthropology. HIGHLIGHTS • Skeletal evidence in court has psychological and practical limitations. • 3D-printed skeletal models’ morphological accuracy was investigated for court use. • Powder-based prints showed the highest accuracy for entire skulls and crania. • PLA filament prints are more accurate in cranial sections of entry bullet wounds. • The printer calibration and segmentation process impact morphological accuracy.
The anterolateral ligament complex has limited impact on anterior tibial translation or internal rotational stability in anterior cruciate ligament−deficient and anterior cruciate ligament−reconstructed knees : a systematic review of biomechanical cadaver studies
Hohmann, Erik; Keough, Natalie; Molepo, Maketo; Arciero, Robert; Imhoff, Andreas (Elsevier, 2025-11)
PURPOSE : To perform an updated systematic review of the biomechanical characteristics investigating the contributions of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) complex to rotational and anterior knee stability in anterior cruciate ligament−intact (ACLI), anterior cruciate ligament−deficient (ACLD), and ACL-reconstructed knees. METHODS : Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar were screened for studies from 2012 to 2024. Biomechanical laboratory cadaver studies were included if they described biomechanical characteristics in ACLI, ACLD, or ACL-reconstructed with (ALLR) or without ALL-reconstruction (ALLD). Studies examining other anatomical structures, such as the iliotibial band and Kaplan fibers, and alternative reconstruction techniques, such as lateral extra-articular tenodesis, were excluded. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative research and the Biomechanics Objective, Basic Science Quality Assessment Tool scale, were used for study quality assessment. Heterogeneity within and between studies was evaluated using the I 2 statistic. Publication bias was examined using funnel plots and the Egger test. RESULTS : Twenty-two studies were included in the analysis. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme assessment deemed 21 of these studies to be valuable. Biomechanics Objective, Basic Science Quality Assessment Tool evaluated, 9 studies were as moderate quality, 8 as fair quality, and 5 as poor quality. The mean load to failure varied between 49 N and 319.8 N, with a pooled mean of 171.9 N. Stiffness values ranged from 2.6 to 41.9 N/mm, yielding a pooled mean of 21.46 N/mm. Comparisons of load displacement did not reveal significant differences across the following groups for both anterior tibial translation and internal rotation for all comparisons. CONCLUSIONS : This systematic review did not find conclusive evidence that the ALL plays a significant role in limiting anterior tibial translation or internal rotation stability in either ACLI or ACLR knees at point zero during biomechanical testing of cadaver specimens. CLINICAL RELEVANCE : Biomechanical laboratory studies conducted at time zero suggest that the added benefit of combining ALLR with ACLR remains uncertain. When ACLR sufficiently restores knee stability, additional procedures may not always be necessary.
Exploring craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry in a South African sample
Harripershad, Miksha; Liebenberg, Leandi; Ridel, Alison Fany; Theye, Charlotte E.G. (Wiley, 2025-08)
Biological anthropologists have extensively investigated the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and its association with population history and health. However, in South Africa, few studies have been done on skeletal asymmetry and its potential impact on anthropological analyses. The study aimed to examine craniofacial asymmetry within a contemporary South African population, specifically focusing on the association between FA, sex, and population affinity. The sample consisted of cranial micro-focus X-ray computed tomography scans (micro-XCT) from 115 adult individuals. Craniometric landmarks were placed and used to calculate inter-landmark distances (ILDs) to assess size variation, and geometric morphometric methods (GMMs) were performed to assess asymmetrical shape variation. Additionally, two indices assessing FA (FA8 and FA17) were calculated from the left and right ILDs to further explore patterns of asymmetry for various regions of the cranium. Asymmetry was particularly apparent in females and black South Africans, which is consistent with reports in the literature. Significant levels of FA were noted in the nasal and temporal regions, more so for shape than size. While asymmetry potentially may have a minimal influence on biological profile estimations based on craniometry, biological anthropologists should have an understanding of the consequences asymmetry may have on skeletal elements or traits being employed on an individual basis
An anatomic study of the lingual nerve and associated branches
Human‐Baron, Rene; Procos, Alexander; Uys, Andre (Wiley, 2025-02)
OBJECTIVES : The aim of the study was to investigate the course and anatomy of the lingual nerve (LN) to minimize the risk of iatrogenic damage during dental procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS : The LN was dissected in 25 cadavers (dentulous and edentulous). The intersection of the LN and submandibular duct (SMD), the bifurcation location from the mandibular nerve, the branching patterns of the main trunk, and the number of terminal branches were recorded. RESULTS : In dentulous females, LN distances to the third, second, and first molars were 11.46 ± 2.51, 15.50 ± 5.24, and 18.75 ± 5.91 mm, while in dentulous males, they were 10.98 ± 1.27, 15.75 ± 2.61, and 19.65 ± 4.50 mm, respectively. For edentulous mandibles, all distances were shorter compared to the dentulous group. In 39.13%, the LN passed superior to the SMD. The LN is bifurcated above the mandibular notch in all cases. The number of branches entering the tongue ranged from 2 to 9, with a Type 1 branching pattern found to be the most prevalent. ] CONCLUSIONS : The study incorporated both dentulous and edentulous cadavers from a South African population. The findings hold significance for surgical procedures, providing valuable insights into minimizing potential damage.
A micro-computed tomographic evaluation of root canal morphology of mandibular first molars in a Black South African subpopulation
Jonker, Casper Hendrik; Foschi, Federico; L'Abbe, Ericka Noelle; Oettle, Anna Catherina (MDPI, 2025-03)
BACKGROUND : This study evaluates the root canal anatomy (main and accessory canals) of mandibular first molars in Black South Africans using micro-computed tomography. The effect of sex, arch side, and age are also investigated. METHODS : The number of root canals in each tooth and individual roots (including an observation of the middle-mesial and middle-distal canals), the number of accessory canals, accessory canal type, root canal thirds, and the prevalence of apical deltas were recorded. A chi-squared test of association (p < 0.05) was used to report on variables (sex, arch sides, and age). RESULTS : In most teeth, either three (55.81%) or four canalled (24.42%) configurations were present. The middle-mesial canal was found in 18.6% of teeth (males and females), with a higher prevalence among females (23.68%). The middle-distal canal was found in 3.49% of teeth. Chamber canals were identified in 4.7% of teeth. Accessory canals most likely located in the apical third were found in approximately 84.9% and 86.1% of mesial roots and distal roots, respectively. Apical deltas were identified in 15.12% of mesial and 20.93% of distal roots. CONCLUSION : Root canal anatomy in this population is diverse and includes differences in arch sides between the sexes.
Post-mortem interval estimation in the tropical climate of Southern Nigeria
Etoniru, Izuchukwu Stanley; Myburgh, Jolandie; Steyn, Maryna; Brits, Desiré (Taylor and Francis, 2025)
ABSTRACT : Post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation is the first step in the investigation of decomposing remains. The absence of locally derived methods, and a dearth of forensic experts, make PMI estimation difficult in Nigeria. This study aimed to assess decomposition rates in southern Nigeria and to derive formulae for PMI estimation by using quantitative variables, accumulated degree days (ADD) and total body score (TBS), using a pig model (n = 20). A longitudinal examination of TBS and ADD was conducted over 14 months, during the dry and wet seasons. Scatter plots between TBS and PMI, and TBS and ADD were used to show decomposition patterns and loglinear random-effects maximum likelihood regression was used to produce linear regression formulae for PMI estimation. Overall, decomposition progressed rapidly. Shorter PMIs were associated with more advanced decomposition when compared to studies in temperate regions. Despite similar average daily temperatures in the wet and dry seasons, there were marked differences in decomposition patterns between the seasons, with the wet season exhibiting more rapid decomposition rates. This demonstrates the importance of rainfall and humidity in decomposition rates. The derived regression formulae for ADD and PMI will provide a much-needed location-specific method for PMI estimation in Nigeria and regions with similar climates. RÉSUMÉ : L’estimation de l’intervalle post mortem (IPM) est la première étape de l’examen des restes en décomposition. L’absence de méthodes locales et le manque d’experts médico-légaux rendent difficile l’estimation de l’IPM au Nigéria. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer les taux de décomposition dans le sud du Nigéria et de dériver des formules pour l’estimation de l’IPM à l’aide de variables quantitatives, des degrés-jours cumulés (DJC) et du score corporel total (SCT), en utilisant un modèle porcin (n = 20). Un examen longitudinal du SCT et des DJC a été mené sur une période de 14 mois, pendant les saisons sèche et humide. Des diagrammes de dispersion entre le SCT et l’IPM, et entre le SCT et les DJC ont été pour démontrer les modèles de décomposition, et une régression linéaire aléatoire à effets maximaux a été utilisée pour produire des formules de régression linéaire pour l’estimation de l’IPM. Dans l’ensemble, la décomposition s’est avérée rapide. Des IPM plus courts ont été associés à une décomposition plus avancée par rapport à d’autres études menées dans des régions tempérées. Même si les températures quotidiennes moyennes étaient similaires pendant les saisons humides et sèches, il existait des différences notables dans les schémas de décomposition entre les saisons, la saison humide présentant des taux de décomposition plus rapides. Cela démontre l’importance des précipitations et de l’humidité dans le taux de décomposition. Des formules de régression linéaire pour les DJC et l’IPM ont été dérivées et fourniront une méthode adaptée à chaque site, très nécessaire pour l’estimation de l’IPM au Nigéria et dans les régions ayant des climats similaires.
Anatomical study of the superficial cervical plexus targeted for sensory nerve blocks in neonates
Prigge, Lané; Bosenberg, Adrian T.; Van Schoor, Albert-Neels (BMJ Publishing Group, 2025)
INTRODUCTION : The superficial cervical plexus block can be used to provide perioperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing thyroid surgeries, brachial cleft cyst excision, tympano-mastoid surgery, as well as cochlear implantation. The cervical plexus is formed by the first four cervical spinal nerves, and the superficial cutaneous branches emerge from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, often referred to as the “nerve point of the neck.” The aims of this study were to evaluate the location of this nerve point and formulate a standardized method of blocking the superficial cervical plexus in pediatric patients. METHODS : The nerve point of the neck and the superficial branches of the cervical plexus were dissected and exposed on 22 neonatal cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, after ethical clearance was obtained. The distances between the nerve point and predetermined landmarks were calculated. RESULTS : The nerve point was located 17.51 mm from the sternocleidomastoid muscle attachment at the rudimentary mastoid process and 19.80 mm from the clavicular attachment of the muscle. The nerve point is approximately 20.99 mm from the midline of the neck, and the superior border of the thyroid cartilage corresponds to the level of the nerve point in 83.3% of neonatal dissections. CONCLUSION : The superficial cervical plexus can be blocked along the midpoint of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. This research will assist in the successful performance of sensory nerve blocks in pediatric patients.
An investigation of the relationship between long bone measurements and stature : implications for estimating skeletal stature in subadults
Chu, Elaine Y.; Stull, Kyra Elizabeth (Springer, 2025-01)
The present study introduces new regression formulae that address several challenges of current subadult stature estimation methods by 1) using a large, contemporary, cross-sectional sample of subadult skeletal remains; 2) generating regression models using both lengths and breadths; 3) utilizing both linear and nonlinear regression models to accommodate the nonlinear shape of long bone growth; and 4) providing usable prediction intervals for estimating stature. Eighteen long bone measurements, stature, and age were collected from computed tomography images for a sample of individuals (n = 990) between birth and 20 years from the United States. The bivariate relationship between long bone measurements and stature was modeled using linear and nonlinear methods on an 80% training sample and evaluated on a 20% testing sample. Equations were generated using pooled-sex samples. Goodness of fit was evaluated using Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests and mean absolute deviation (MAD). Accuracy and precision were quantified using percent testing accuracy and Bland–Altman plots. In total, 38 stature estimation equations were created and evaluated, all achieving testing accuracies greater than 90%. Nonlinear models generated better fits compared to linear counterparts and generally produced smaller MAD (3.65 – 15.90cm). Length models generally performed better than breadth models, and a mixture of linear and nonlinear methods resulted in highest testing accuracies. Model performance was not biased by sex, age, or measurement type. A freely available, online graphical user interface is provided for immediate use of the models by practitioners in forensic anthropology and will be expanded to include bioarchaeological contexts in the future.
Population affinity estimation in forensic anthropology : a South African perspective
Mbonani, Thandolwethu Mbali; L'Abbe, Ericka Noelle; Chen, Ding-Geng (Din); Ridel, Alison Fany (Springer, 2025-09)
Forensic anthropologists face the complex task of estimating population affinity from skeletal remains, a process that involves inferring culturally constructed “social race” from biological tissues, a challenge further complicated by the nuanced distinction between population affinity and “race”. The difficulty in making these estimations arises from the complex interplay between social constructs of race, skeletal morphology, and geographic origin. These factors are further influenced by elements such as assortative mating and institutional racism in regions such as South Africa and the United States. The interaction between cultural factors and biological traits raises the question of whether the challenges in estimating population affinity are inevitable or due to a limited understanding of human variation. To address this knowledge gap, this paper presents a review of population affinity estimation in forensic anthropology, with a focus on the South African context. It provides foundational background and historical insights, explores the medico-legal significance of population affinity, and critically evaluates both traditional and emerging estimation methods. By highlighting regional challenges and recent advancements, this review aims to enhance understanding and contribute to ongoing debates in the field.
Insect succession patterns on pig carrion in southern Nigeria
Etoniru, Izuchukwu Stanley; Brits, Desire; Myburgh, Jolandie; Steyn, Maryna; Hill, Lawrence (Springer, 2025-06)
In analyzing decomposing human remains in cases of unattended death, observing insect succession patterns to aid in estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) based on carrion insects is one of the tasks of the forensic entomologist. The purpose of this study is to provide baseline data in order to improve PMI estimates using carrion insects. The lingering armed conflict in Nigeria creates a situation where unidentified human remains overwhelm law enforcement agencies. A common challenge is the lack of affordable, easy-to-use, and locally derived methods. This study aims to describe the succession patterns of arthropods, including insects, in pig carcasses in the wet and dry seasons in southern Nigeria as a baseline to aid in PMI estimation. Arthropods were observed and collected (all life cycle stages) in a total of 20 freshly-killed pigs (10 pigs for each season) which were deployed to study sites within 3 h of humane killing and at various times during the two seasons over 14 months. The time of appearance, activity, and disappearance of the arthropods were noted and related to the stages of decomposition to create succession patterns. Three classes, six orders, and 16 families of arthropods were collected. Musca domestica was the first to arrive, followed by Chrysomya marginalis, visiting within 10 min after placement. An ant species (Family Formicidae) had the widest presence through decomposition stages. There was an increase in the absolute number and species richness of arthropods in the wet season. Some arthropods, like the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), were exclusively present in the wet season. The observed succession patterns can be used as a reference for forensic scientists to aid in PMI assessment in Nigeria. Arthropods found exclusively in a season could be used to establish the season of death.

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