1983 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 50, 1983

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CONTENTS

*Volume 50: Number 1*

Failure of bone phosphorus levels to indicate dietary intake of phosphorus by sheep	Belonje, PC & Van den Berg, A	1

The effect of tick control on the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis	De Vos, AJ & Potgieter, FT	5

A morphological study of the lesions of African horsesickness	Newsholme, SJ	7

A survey of neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. III. Tumours occurring in pigs and goats	Bastianello, SS	25

Infectivity virulence and immunogenicity of Anaplasma centrale live blood vaccine	Potgieter, FT & Van Rensburg, L	29

Chemotherapy of Theileria parva lawrencei infections in cattle with halofuginone	De Vos, AJ & Roos, JA	33

Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surface of Heterobilharzia americana (Trematoda; Schistosomatidae)	Scialdo-Krecek, RC	37

Photosensitivity in South Africa. III. Ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity caused by the plant Athanasia trifurcata L. (Asteraceae)	Coetzer, JAW, Kellerman, TS, Schneider, DJ & Welman, WG	45

Photosensitivity in South Africa. IV. Pathological changes in the liver in ovine photosensitivity caused by the plant Asaemia axillaris (Thunb.) Harv. Ex Jackson	Coetzer, JAW & Bergh, T	55

Photosensitivity in South Africa. V. A comparative study of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases, facial eczema and geeldikkop (Tribulosis ovis), with special reference to their pathogenesis	Coetzer, JAW, Bath, GF, Kellerman, TS & Sadler, W	59

Bovine skin lesions of possible filarial origin associated with heavy hornfly infestations (Haematobia meridiana)	Newsholme, SJ, Verster, AJM & Jacobs, JC	73

Clarification of the status of Rhipicephalus kochi Dönitz, 1905 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)	Clifford, CM, Walker, JB & Keirans, JE	77


*Volume 50: Number 2*

A survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. IV. Tumours occurring in Equidae	Bastianello, SS	91

The usefulness of the API 20 E classification system in the identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans, Actinobacillus seminis and Pasteurella haemolytica	Erasmus, JA	97

The inefficacy of polivalent Pasteurella multocida vaccines for sheep	Cameron, CM & Bester, FJ	101

A survey of neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. V. Tumours occurring in the cat	Bastianello, SS	105

Studies on the parasites of zebras. 1. Nematodes of the Burchell's zebra in the Kruger National Park	Scialdo-Krecek, RC	111

Serological response of cattle to infection with Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in southern Africa	Bessenger, R & Schoeman, JH	115

Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. VIII. Mean modal vectors of the P wave and the QRS complex	Littlejohn, A, Button, C & Bowles, F	119

The reaction of ovine neutrophils to Histophilus ovis in relation to genital infection of rams	Jansen, BC, Hayes, M & Knoetze, PC	125

A bioassay technique for the pheromone emitted by Amblyomma hebraeum males	Rechav, Y	133

Heartwater in Angora goats. I. Immunity subsequent to artificial infection and treatment	Prozesky, L, Du Plessis, JL & Jansen, BC	137

The prevalence of helminth and arthropod parasites of warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in South West Africa/Namibia	Horak, IG, Biggs, HC, Hanssen, TS & Hanssen, RE	145


*Volume 50: Number 3*

Biochemical studies on a suspected lysosomal storage disease in Abyssinian cats	Lange, AL, Brown, JMM & Maree, CC	149

Intoxication of cattle on kikuyu grass following army worm (Spodoptera exempta) invasion	Soley, JT, Newsholme, SJ, Kellerman, TS & Van der Westhuizen, GCA	157

Studies on the parasites of zebra. II. Cylicostephanus longiconus n. sp. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae (Matschie , 1898)	Scialdo-Krecek, RC	169

The influence of water-level fluctuation on the drift of Simulium chutteri Lewis, 1965 (Diptera, Nematocera) in the Orange River	Car, M	173

Haemonchus contortus from the vaal ribbok, Pelea capreolus, and the bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, in the Bontebok National Park	Boomker, JDF, Horak, IG, Gibbons, LM & De Vos, V	179

Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. XV. H. (Rhipistoma) norvali sp. n., a hedgehog parasite of the H. (R.) spinulosa group in Zimbabwe (Acarina: Ixodidae)	Hoogstraal, H & Wassef, HY	183

Some physiopathological features of experimental Homeria glauca (Wood & Evans) N. E. Br. poisoning in Merino sheep	Button, C, Reyers, F, Meltzer, DGA, Mulders, MSG & Killeen, VM	191

The efficacy of the Drummond adult test on Boophilus microplus females (Acarina: Ixodidae) subjected to various periods of cold storage prior to organophosphate testing	Spickett, AM & Henrioud, AJN	197

A survey of neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. VI. Tumours occurring in dogs	Bastianello, SS	199

The ixodid tick burdens of various large ruminant species in South African nature reserves	Horak, IG, Boomker, JDF, Potgieter, FT, Walker, JB & De Vos, V	221

Comparison of oil adjuvant and aluminium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid for the passive immunization of lambs against tetanus	Cameron, CM, Van Biljon, BJ, Botha, WJS & Knoetze, PC	229


*Volume 50: Number 4*

Some helminth and arthropod parasites of the grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia	Boomker, JDF, Du Plessis, WH & Boomker, EA	233

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVI. Helminth and arthropod parasites of blue and black wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus and Connochaetes gnou)	Horak, IG, De Vos, V & Brown, MR	243

Scanning electron microscopy of Strongylus spp. in zebra	Els, HJ, Malan, FS & Scialdo-Krecek, RC	257

Treatment and thrombocyte levels in experimentally induced canine ehrlichiosis and canine babesiosis	Van Heerden, J, Reyers, F & Stewart, CG	267

Retardation of wool growth in Merino sheep caused by bacteria	Jansen, BC & Hayes, M	271

The epidemiology of bacterial infection of the genitalia in rams	Jansen, BC	275

Studies on the parasites of zebras. III. Nematodes of the mountain zebra from the farm "Kelpie" and the Namib-Naukluft Park, South West Africa/Namibia	Scialdo-Krecek, RC, Reinecke, RK & Biggs, HC	283

The application of numerical taxonomy in the classification of staphylococci from bovine milk	Erasmus, JA	291

Krimpsiekte and acute cardiac glycoside poisoning in sheep caused by bufadienolides from the plant Kalanchoe lanceolata Forsk	Prozesky, L, Anderson, LAP, Schultz, RA, Joubert, JPJ, Kellerman, TS, Erasmus, GL & Procos, J	295

The experimental production of krimpsiekte in sheep with Tylecodon grandiflorus (Burm.f.) Toelken and some of its bufadienolides	Prozesky, L, Anderson, LAP, Joubert, JPJ, Kellerman, TS, Schultz, RA, Procos, J & Olivier, PM	301

Isolation and preliminary characterization of the jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)	Verwoerd, DW, Payne, A-L, York, DF & Myer, MS	309

The morphology and morphogenesis of jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)	Verwoerd, DW, Payne, A-L & Garnett, HM	317

Subject index		323

Author index		331

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 48

Author index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1983) Unknown; Bigalke, R.D.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of the jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Payne, Anna-Lise; York, D.F.; Myer, M.S.; Bigalke, R.D.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Jaagsiekte, or ovine pulmonary adenomatosis, is caused by a recently discovered retrovirus. The virus cannot be cultivated in vitro at present, but a procedure is described for the isolation and purification of small amounts in the form of immune complexes with IgA from affected lungs. The virion was shown to possess a 70S RNA genome which can be transcribed by an endogenous reverse transcriptase. Nine polypeptides, ranging in size from 94 000 to 25 000 daltons, were found in purified preparations. Using neutralization of the viral reverse transcriptase and an enzyme immunoassay as criteria, no serological relationship could be demonstrated to representatives of type B, C and C oncoviruses, or to bovine leukemia virus, maedi-visna virus of sheep or caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.
The experimental production of krimpsiekte in sheep with Tylecodon grandiflorus (Burm.f.) Toelken and some of its bufadienolides.
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Anderson, L.A.P.; Joubert, J.P.J.; Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Schultz, R.A. (Rowena Anitra); Procos, J.; Olivier, Philippa M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Prozesky, Leon
Six bufadienolides were isolated from Tylecodon grandiflorus (Burm. f.) Toelken. The paretic syndrome, krimpsiekte, could be induced in sheep either by repeated oral administration of small quantities of plant material or the intravenous injection of small quantities of certain bufadienolides. A mild to moderate, acute to subacute, multifocal cardiomyopathy was evident in sheep poisoned by both the plant and the bufadienolides.
Krimpsiekte and acute cardiac glycoside poisoning in sheep caused by bufadienolides from the plant Kalanchoe lanceolata Forsk
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Anderson, L.A.P.; Schultz, R.A. (Rowena Anitra); Joubert, J.P.J.; Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Erasmus, G.L.; Procos, J.; Bigalke, R.D.; Prozesky, Leon
Three toxic bufadienolides, one characterized as hellibrigenin 3-acetate, have been isolated from Kalanchoe lanceolata Forsk. Typical signs of cardiac glycoside poisoning, involving the gastro-intestinal, neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems, could be induced by drenching the milled plant to sheep. Such signs could also be induced by dosing the bufadienolides to sheep or by injecting them into both guinea-pigs (subcutaneously) and sheep (intravenously). The specific paretic syndrome, krimpsiekte, on the other hand, was reproduced only by the repeated intravenous administration of smaller doses of the 2 unknown bufadienolides to sheep. Histopathological examination revealed a mild to severe multifocal cardiomyopathy in sheep receiving plant material or bufadienolides.
Subject index
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Unknown; Bigalke, R.D.
Studies on the parasites of zebras. III. Nematodes of the mountain zebra from the farm "Kelpie" and the Namib-Naukluft Park, South West Africa/Namibia
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Scialdo-Krecek, Rosina C.; Reinecke, R.K.; Biggs, H.C.; Bigalke, R.D.
Twelve mountain zebra which were culled at monthly intervals on the farm "Kelpie" in South West Africa/Namibia were examined for helminths. The zebras varied in age from 2-15 years, the middle group of which, aged 4-7 years, had the highest worm burdens. Fourteen species of nematodes belonging to the families Atractidae, Strongylidae, Oxyuridae, Setariidae and Spiruridae were recovered. The highest worm burdens were those of Crossocephalus sp. with 692-61 066 680 and Probstmayria vivipara with 1 257 810-42 004 300. The predominance of the atractids is discussed. The nematodes consistently present were: Cylicodontophorus n. sp. (44-2 107), Triodontophorus spp. (2-934), Cylindropharynx spp. (20-2 332), Crossocephalus sp. and P. vivipara. Two new species, Cylicostephanus longiconus and Cylicodontophorus n. sp., were reported. An additional 3 mountain zebra, culled in the Namib-Naukluft Park, were also examined for helminths. Of 3 zebras ranging in age from 2- 7 years, the 2 older animals had the highest helminth burden. Ten species of the nematodes belonging to the same families mentioned above were recovered. The only Spiruridae present were 3 Habronema majus in 1 zebra. The highest worm burdens were those of Crossocephalus sp. With 64 052-883 070 and P. vivipara with 50 720-220 200. The nematodes consistently present were the same as those in the "Kelpie" zebra. In addition, a 2nd, new species of Cylicodontophorus was reported
The epidemiology of bacterial infection of the genitalia in rams
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Jansen, B.C.; Bigalke, R.D.
The interrelationship between the various bacteria isolated from the genital tract of rams and their host animals was studied. The pathogenicity of the different isolates varied. Several of these bacteria could be cultured in a medium consisting of a suspension of pen floor debris solidified with agar, while many organisms survived in the suspension for 10 days. Epidemiological investigations showed that rams kept under intensive systems were subjected to large-scale invasion of their genitalia by bacteria which led to infection of the accessory glands and orchitis and epididymitis. Apart from the preputial cavity, some rams kept on open range were entirely free of bacterial infection of their genitalia, and those that did have bacteria in the deeper parts of their genitalia had a very significantly lower incidence of pathological lesions of their genitalia. Finding bacteria and neutrophils in semen is consistent with the epidemiological findings.
The morphology and morphogenesis of jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Payne, Anna-Lise; Garnett, Helen M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV) was recently shown to be the aetiological agent of jaagsiekte (ovine pulmonary adenomatosis). The morphogenesis of JSRV was studied in jaagsiekte tumour tissue. Intracytoplasmic particles, often associated with centrioles, were found in tumour cells. JSRV budded from tumour cells with a complete core which appeared to mature during the budding process. Extracellular particles were found in the alveolar lumen. Immature extracellular particles were rare. Mature extracellular JSRV was membrane-bound and had a slightly eccentric nucleoid with an electron-dense perinucleoidal space. In negatively stained preparations of JSRV the envelope was covered with spikes. JSRV is morphologically distinct from all known retroviruses.
Retardation of wool growth in Merino sheep caused by bacteria
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Jansen, B.C.; Hayes, Marianna; Bigalke, R.D.
A condition evidenced by retarded growth of wool with alteration of the yolk into a yellow, sticky, wax-like substance was investigated. The condition was associated with hyperaemia and cellular infiltration into the dermis in the affected areas. Three bacterial species, viz. Enterobacter aerogenes, E. agglomerans and Hafnia alvei, which could grow on the water-extractable component of wool-yolk, were incriminated as the cause of the condition.
The application of numerical taxonomy in the classification of staphylococci from bovine milk
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1983) Erasmus, J.A.; Bigalke, R.D.
One-hundred-and-two isolates of staphylococci from bovine milk were each subjected to a battery of 19 different tests. With the application of numerical taxonomy these isolates could be classified into 1 genus and 3 different species. Although the majority of the coagulase negative organisms were grouped as 1 species, the biochemical differences within this group indicated that they should belong to at least 2 species. About 50% of these isolates could be designated Staphylococcus epidermidis. Possibly because of the small number of tests, a finer division into different species could not be made. The coagulase-positive organisms could be divided into 2 species, the smaller group of which consisted of 3 isolates only. If used as the only method for identification, the coagulase test produces false positive results at a rate of about 2,5% of cases and false negative results at a rate of about 1,7%.
Treatment and thrombocyte levels in experimentally induced canine ehrlichiosis and canine babesiosis
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Van Heerden, J.; Reyers, Fred; Stewart, C.G,; Bigalke, R.D.
Three dogs which were carriers of Babesia canis were infected with Ehrlichia canis. These animals developed clinical signs and haematological evidence of ehrlichiosis and made an uneventful recovery, despite the fact that they were subsequently treated with doxycycline only. Three control dogs which were also carriers of B. canis were clinically normal, despite the fact that they showed a distinct drop in the thrombocyte levels associated with increases in the numbers of parasitized red cells.
A survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. VI. Tumours occurring in dogs
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Bastianello, Stella S.; Bigalke, R.D.
A survey was carried out on all canine neoplasms recorded in the registration files of the Section of Pathology of the Veterinary Research Institute at Onderstepoort over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. The neoplasms were divided and tabulated into 14 groups according to body systems or tissue types. A total of 3 388 neoplasms were recorded. The 5 most frequently affected body systems were the mesenchymal tissues (33,7%) the skin and adnexa (20,8%) the female genital tract (10,2%), the lymphohaemopoietic tissues (8,9%) and the male genital tract (5,8%). Mastocytomas, the most frequently encountered type of tumour, accounted for 12,7% of all the neoplasms, followed by lymphosarcomas, melanomas, squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell tumours, haemangiosarcomas and histiocytomas. A variety of mesenchymal tumours were encountered, the most common types being mastocytomas and histiocytomas as well as tumours of vascular, fibrous and adipose tissue origin. The principal cutaneous tumours included basal cell tumours, squamous cell carcinomas, perianal gland tumours and melanomas. Eighty per cent of the neoplasms of the female genital tract were mammary tumours, 50% of which were mixed mammary tumours, whilst the principal neoplasms of the male genital tract involved the testes, of which Sertoli cell tumours were the commonest type. The majority of the digestive tract neoplasms occurred in the oral cavity, the most frequently recorded types being inflammatory epulides and melanomas. Osteosarcomas, neurofibromas and thyroid carcinomas were, respectively, the most frequently encountered neoplasms of the skeletal, nervous and endocrine systems. Pulmonary adenocarcinomas, melanomas and cholangiocarcinomas were the commonest tumours of the lung, eye and liver.
The efficacy of the Drummond adult test on Boophilus microplus females (Acarina: Ixodidae) subjected to various periods of cold storage prior to organophosphate testing
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Spickett, Arthur M.; Henrioud, A.J.N.; Bigalke, R.D.
Engorged females of Boophilus microplus, stored at 4℃ for up to 5 days, and females, kept at room temperature for 1 day and then at 4℃ for 1 day, showed no significant differences in their response to an organophospate as determined by the Drummond adult test.
Some physiopathological features of experimental Homeria glauca (Wood & Evans) N. E. Br. poisoning in Merino sheep
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Button, C.; Reyers, Fred; Meltzer, David George Anton; Mulders, M.S.G.; Killeen, Valerie M.; Bigalke, R.D.
Five Merino sheep were dosed 3 g/kg of dry, finely-milled Homeria glauca (Natal yellow tulp) plant material. An electrocardiogram was recorded and the arterial and central venous blood pressure, blood gases, haematological variables, plasma electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, PO₄²⁻) and a variety of serum enzymes and chemical constituents were measured hourly until death (3 sheep) or until sheep were in extremis (2 sheep). Heart rate rose progressively as a result of sinus and, later, ventricular tachycardia. Systolic blood pressure rose, but there was little change in the mean and diastolic arterial pressures and central venous pressure. There was progressive hypoxaemia, hypercarbia and acidaemia with depletion of plasma bicarbonate. Haemoconcentration, hyperkalaemia and hypochloraemia were found along with rising serum creatinine and plasma glucose. Rises in serum enzymes indicated widespread tissue damage. Electrocardiographic recordings were being made at the moment of death in 3 of the 5 sheep. In these 3 sheep the cause of death was ventricular fibrillation.
Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. XV. H. (Rhipistoma) norvali sp. n., a hedgehog parasite of the H. (R.) spinulosa group in Zimbabwe (Acarina: Ixodidae)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Hoogstraal, H.; Wassef, Hilda Y.; Bigalke, R.D.
The male, female, nymph, and larva of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) norvali sp. n., are described and compared with other members of the H. (R.) spinulosa group. Adult H. (R.) norvali parasitize the southern African hedgehog, Erinaceus frontalis Smith, in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. Immatures were reared on a laboratory rabbit.
Haemonchus contortus from the vaal ribbok, Pelea capreolus, and the bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, in the Bontebok National Park
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Gibbons, Lynda M.; De Vos, Valerius; Bigalke, R.D.; Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik; Horak, Ivan Gerard
During a survey of the parasites of antelope in the Bontebok National Park, Swellendam, Cape Province, specimens of Haemonchus contortus with exceptionally long spicules were recovered from 5 out of 8 bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, and 3 out of 5 vaal ribbok, Pelea capreolus, but not from 4 springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis. Typically, H. contortus has spicules 0,466 ± 0,085 mm long, but those recovered from vaal ribbok had spicules 0,581 ± 0,02 mm long and were recovered in large numbers from this antelope only. This indicates that the nematode is probably a definitive parasite of vaal ribbok, and its occurrence in bontebok must be regarded as accidental.
Scanning electron microscopy of Strongylus spp. in zebra
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Els, H.J.; Malan, F.S.; Scialdo-Krecek, Rosina C.; Bigalke, R.D.
The external ultrastructure of the anterior and posterior extremities of the nematodes, Strongylus asini, Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus equinus and Strongylus edentatus, was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fresh specimens of S. asini were collected from the caecum, ventral colon and vena portae of Equus burchelli and Equus zebra hartmannae; S. vulgaris from the caecum, colon and arteria ileocolica of E. burchelli; S. equinus from the ventral colon of E. z. hartmannae and S. edentatus from the caecum and ventral colon of both zebras, during surveys of parasites in zebras in the Etosha Game Reserve, South West Africa/Namibia, and the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. The worms were cleaned, fixed and mounted by standard methods and photographed in a JEOL JSM- 35C scanning electron microscope (SEM) operating at 12kV. The SEM showed the following differences: the tips of the external leaf-crowns varied and were fine and delicate in S. asini, coarse and broad in S. vulgaris and, in S. equinus and S.edentatus, closely adherent, separating into single elements for half their length. The excretory pores showed only slight variation, and the morphology of the copulatory bursae did not differ from those seen with light microscopy. The genital cones differed markedly: S. asini had a ventral triangular projection and laterally 2 finger-like projections: in S. vulgaris there were numerous bosses on the lateral and ventral aspects of the cone; in S. equinus 2 finger-like processes projected laterocaudally; and in S. edentatus 2 pairs of papilla-like processes projected laterally on the ventral aspects, and a pair of rounded projections and a pair of hair-like structures adorned the dorsal aspects. The most significant micrograph was the shedding of the cuticle of the 4th moult of a female S. asini.
Comparison of oil adjuvant and aluminium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid for the passive immunization of lambs against tetanus
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Van Biljon, B.J.; Botha, W.J.S.; Knoetze, P.C.; Bigalke, R.D.
Immunization of ewes with oil emulsion toxoid followed by an aluminium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid both containing 10 Lf per dose, resulted in a very high antitoxin level in their lambs. Two injections of aluminium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid also imparted a passive immunity to lambs which is considered to be adequate to protect them against tetanus for 4 weeks after birth.
Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVI. Helminth and arthropod parasites of blue and black wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus and Connochaetes gnou)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) De Vos, Valerius; Brown, Moira R.; Bigalke, R.D.; Horak, Ivan Gerard
Fifty-five blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) were shot for parasite recovery at approximately monthly intervals during a period of 13 months in the Kruger National Park. Thirteen nematode species, 4 cestode species, 1 trematode, the larvae of 5 oestrid flies, 3 lice species, 7 ixodid tick species, 1 mite species and the nymphae of a pentastomid were recovered. The seasonal prevalence of 8 nematodes, 2 cestodes, the larvae of 4 oestrid flies, 2 lice and 4 ixodid tick species was determined. The endo- and ectoparasite burdens of 7 black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) shot in the Golden Gate Highlands Park in the Orange Free State and 3 shot in the Rietvlei Reserve in the Transvaal were determined. These animals harboured 4 nematode species, 1 cestode, the larvae of 5 oestrid fly species, 2 lice species, 4 ixodid tick species and a mite species.
Intoxication of cattle on kikuyu grass following army worm (Spodoptera exempta) invasion
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1983) Newsholme, S.J.; Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Van der Westhuizen, G.C.A.; Bigalke, R.D.; Soley, John Thomson
Clinical features and pathological and mycological findings in a field outbreak of intoxication in dairy cattle grazing kikuyu grass are reported. The outbreak followed invasion of the grass by the army worm (Spodoptera exempta). Clinical signs included drooling of saliva, depression, apparent inco-ordination, sunken eyes, ruminal distension and atony, recumbency, moderate diarrhoea and ''sham drinking''. Seventy-seven cows (64%) were clinically affected over a period of 12 days. Of these, 37 died. Necropsies performed on 4 affected cattle revealed necrosis of the epithelium of the forestomach, which was consistently more severe in the omasum. Light microscopy showed extensive necrosis of the epithelium of the forestomach with associated fibrinopurulent inflammation. The stratum spinosum and s. granulosum were selectively involved, but the s. basale was generally preserved. Electron microscopical examination of ruminal and omasal epithelium from 2 of these cattle revealed cytopathological features in the s. spinosum and s. granulosum which were consistent with stages in an acute, anoxic type of injury. Mycological examination of the pastures revealed sparse growth of a mixed fungal population, which included Myrothecium verrucaria. There was no evidence of heavy fungal infestation. Previous evidence that M. verrucaria, or other fungi, may be involved in the aetiology of kikuyu grass poisoning of cattle in New Zealand is addressed. It appears improbable that any of the fungi isolated in this investigation could have played an important role in the aetiology of this outbreak.

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