dc.contributor.author |
Botha, C.J. (Christoffel Jacobus)
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Venter, Elna
|
|
dc.contributor.other |
University of Pretoria. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences. Section Pharmacology and Toxicology |
|
dc.coverage.spatial |
Africa |
en |
dc.coverage.spatial |
South Africa |
en |
dc.date.accessioned |
2008-12-22T11:14:20Z |
|
dc.date.available |
2008-12-22T11:14:20Z |
|
dc.date.issued |
2002 |
|
dc.description |
Colour photos. Final web-ready size: JPEG, 72 ppi. Photo 1: 9.7 kb; Photo 2: 24.7 kb; Photo 3: 24.6 kb; Photo 4: 10.5 kb; Photo 5: 47.1 kb; Photo 6: 18.5 kb. Original TIFF file housed at the Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Pretoria. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
DISTRIBUTION:
Agriculturally cultivated, also growing in disturbed places. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:
General: An annual, dense, tufted, soft grass.
Leaves: The leaves are green and shiny and the culms usually unbranched.
Flowers: The inflorescence is flat with the spikelets evenly arranged on either side of the central axis. The size of the awns is up to 10 mm, which distinguishes it from Lolium perenne. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
TOXIC PRINCIPLE:
The seedheads can contain nematode galls (Anguina sp.) but when they are overgrown by the bacterium, Rathayibacter toxicus, bacterial galls containing the neurotoxic orynetoxin are produced. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
SYNDROMES:
ARGT - Annual Rye Grass Toxicosis
ABPE – Acute Pulmonary Oedema and Emphysema. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
SYSTEMS AFFECTED:
Central nervous and respiratory systems. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
CLINICAL SIGNS:
Clinical signs precipitated by disturbing or exercising - especially in mild cases.
Chase animals for 100-200 metres if suspected.
• Hypersensitivity• Muscular twitching• Locomotory disturbances - unsteady, saw horse gait or high-stepping gait
• Clonic/tonic convulsions (1-3 minutes). Lateral recumbent. Opisthotonus - legs extended
• Permanent recumbent with leg paddling, twitching, trembling and show nystagmus
Death 4 - 12 hours after onset. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
NECROPSY:
Macroscopical findings:
• Rapid rigor mortis
• Lung oedema
• Subepi- and endocardial haemorrhages
• Hepatosis. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
HISTOPATHOLOGY:
• Not much.
• CNS changes consistent with anoxia arising from vascular obstruction. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
TREATMENT:
•Tranquillizers and sedatives eg. Diazepam / xylazine
• MgSO4 injections (every 6-8 hours for 3 days) 200mg/kg/ i/m. |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
CONTROL:
• Inspect stock on ryegrass pastures every day or even twice/day.
Outbreak: Remove animals immediately
• Identify infestation: Representative seed specimens collected from camps and forward to Stellenbosch for final identification. Identify the eelworm and bacterial galls with the aid of a stereomicroscope.
If infested:
• Grow wheat, rye or barley and spray with herbicide to kill rye grass.
• Graze heavily before seed heads mature
• High mowing of pasture
• Burn toxic pasture. |
en |
dc.description.uri |
http://www.library.up.ac.za/vet/poison |
en |
dc.identifier.citation |
Botha, CJ & Venter, E 2002, 'Plants poisonous to livestock Southern Africa (CD-ROM)' University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pretoria, South Africa. |
en |
dc.identifier.uri |
http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8529 |
|
dc.rights |
©University of Pretoria. Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology (Original and digital). Provided for educational purposes only. It may not be downloaded, reproduced or distributed in any format without written permission of the original copyright holder. Any attempt to circumvent the access controls placed on this file is a violation of copyright laws and is subject to criminal prosecution. Please contact the collection administrator for copyright issues. |
en |
dc.source |
Original format: University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science. |
en |
dc.subject |
Plant poisoning |
en |
dc.subject |
Toxicology |
en |
dc.subject |
Plant poisoning in animals |
en |
dc.subject |
Poisonous plants |
en |
dc.subject |
Rathayibacter toxicus |
en |
dc.subject |
Corynetoxins |
en |
dc.subject.lcsh |
Poisonous plants -- Toxicology -- Africa, Southern |
en |
dc.subject.lcsh |
Veterinary toxicology |
en |
dc.title |
Lolium species |
en |
dc.title.alternative |
Annual rye grass |
en |
dc.title.alternative |
Eenjarige raaigras |
af |
dc.title.alternative |
Lolium multiflorum |
en |
dc.type |
Still Image |
en |