Mandibular first and second premolars with challenging root canal anatomy - Part 1 : Review of the literature

Abstract

Mandibular premolars can be one of the most difficult teeth to treat endodontically because of the variations in root canal anatomy.

According to England, Hartwell and Lance,3 variation in root canal anatomy is one of the main reasons why mandibular premolars have a high frequency of failures and flare-ups. The literature indicates that the incidence of the number of roots and the number of canals varies greatly in human teeth.