The influence of the dominance of cultures on artefacts : two case studies – Cordoba, Spain, and Blood River, South Africa

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dc.contributor.author Mare, Estelle Alma
dc.date.accessioned 2010-04-23T06:23:37Z
dc.date.available 2010-04-23T06:23:37Z
dc.date.issued 2009
dc.description.abstract Conflicts that took place almost three centuries apart – respectively in late medieval Spain and nineteenth-century South Africa – are described in some detail. The Spanish example offers insight into the effect of the conflict during the Qonquista, followed by a period of Arab rule in the Iberian peninsula, which was terminated by the Reconquista of southern Spain by the Christians. The focus in this regard is the violence and counter violence manifested in the formative stages of the Great Mosque at Córdoba and its transformation into the church of Santa Maria. The behaviour of the Muslims and Christians at the sacred site at Córdoba during the conquest and the reconquest, through many centuries, became a theatre in which conflict in religious emotions were aroused and eventually resulted in the partial destruction of a magnificent Muslim edifice. What happened at Córdoba is an object lesson to all multicultural societies in which the dominant group avenges itself upon the cultural artefacts of a subjected group. This is a common occurrence in the history of architecture, and fits the basic premise of René Girard’s theory of “mimetic desire” that states that one group desires what another desires. As the envy becomes more intense, “mimetic rivalry” with a model results: admiration is transformed into violent conflict that is only diffused if a scapegoat is found. In a modification of Girard’s thesis it is postulated that in the end the model – taken to be a building or monument – is most often demolished or vandalised as if serving as the scapegoat for the aggressor’s animosity. In more benign cases desire results in the appropriation of the model, but with modifications to its identity. Alternatively, a new model, coexisting with the original, is created by the vanquished to rival the existing model, as happened at the site of Blood River, Natal. In colonial South Africa a monument was erected in 1947 and a more elaborate version of a combat “laager” inaugurated in 1977 to commemorate the battle which took place there on 16 December 1838 between the Voortrekkers and the Zulus, in which the former were victorious. In response, the Zulus established the Ncome Monument and Museum to the east of the Voortrekkers’ monument, officially opened in November 1999, which offers a reinterpretation of the 1838 battle, celebrates Zulu culture in general and calls for the development of empathy across the cultural and ethnic divide of the former combatants. Ironically, the layout suggests the historical Zulu combat formation. en_US
dc.description.abstract Konflikte wat bykans drie eeue na mekaar plaasgevind het – respektiewelik in die laat middeleeuse Spanje en die negentiende-eeuse Suid-Afrika – word in ’n mate van detail beskryf. Die Spaanse voorbeeld bied insig in die effek van die konflik gedurende die Qonquista, gevolg deur ’n tydperk van Arabiese heerskappy in die Iberiese skiereiland wat beëindig is deur die Reqonquista van die suide van Spanje deur die Christene. The fokus ten opsigte van hierdie situasie is die geweld en teengeweld wat plaasgevind het in die onwikkelingsfases van die Groot Moskee van Córdoba en die transformasie daarvan in die kerk van Santa Maria. Die gedrag van die Moslems en Christene by die heilige terrein van Córdoba gedurende die eeue-lange proses van verowering en herverowering het as gevolg van die opwekking van botsende religieuse emosies uiteindelik tot die gedeeltelike vernietiging van die manjifieke Moslem-gebou gelei. Wat by Córdoba gebeur het, is ’n les vir alle multikulturele gemeenskappe waarin die dominante groep wraak uitoefen op die artefakte van die onderwerpte groep. Dit is ’n algemene verskynsel in die geskiedenis van argitektuur en strook met die basiese premise van René Girard se teorie van “mimetiese begeerte”, dat een groep begeer wat ’n ander een begeer. Wanneer afguns intenser word, lei dit tot “mimetiese mededinging” met die model: bewondering word in geweldadige konflik getransformeer wat slegs sal eindig indien ’n sondebok gevind word. In ’n gemodifiseerde weergawe van Girard se tesis word gepostuleer dat die model – hetsy ’n gebou of ’n monument – uiteindelik gesloop of gevandaleer word asof dit as die sondebok dien om die aggressor se wrewel te beëindig. In minder geweldadige gevalle gee begeerte aanleiding tot die toe-eiening van die model, deur dit te wysig. Alternatiewelik word ’n nuwe model geskep om naas die oorspronklike te bestaan, soos by die terrein van Bloedrivier, Natal. In koloniale Suid-Afrika is daar in 1947 ’n monument opgerig en ’n meer uitvoerige weergawe van ’n laer is in 1977 ingewy ter herdenking van die veldslag wat op 16 Desember 1838 tussen die Voortrekkers en die Zoeloes plaasgevind het, waartydens eersgenoemde die oorwinnaars was. As reaksie het die Zoeloes die Ncome Monument en Museum gevestig wat in November 1999 aan die oostekant van die Voortrekkers se monument amptelik ingewy is. Dit bied ’n herinterpretasie van die veldslag van 1838, bring hulde aan Zoeloe-kultuur, en doen ’n beroep om empatie tussen die voormalige vyande vir mekaar se kultuur en etnisiteit. Ironies genoeg, stel die uitleg die historiese Zoeloe-strydformasie voor. af
dc.identifier.citation Mare, EA 2009, 'The influence of the dominance of cultures on artefacts : two case studies – Cordoba, Spain, and Blood River, South Africa', South African Journal of Art History, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 121-136. [http://www.journals.co.za/ej/ejour_sajah.html] en_US
dc.identifier.issn 0258-3542
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/2263/13996
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher Art Historical Work Group of South Africa en_US
dc.rights Art Historical Work Group of South Africa en_US
dc.subject Great Mosque at Cordoba en_US
dc.subject Girard, Rene, 1923- en_US
dc.subject Mimetic desire en_US
dc.subject Blood River Monument en_US
dc.subject Ncome Monument and Museum en_US
dc.subject.lcsh Architecture and history -- South Africa en
dc.subject.lcsh Architecture and religion en
dc.subject.lcsh Culture in art en
dc.subject.lcsh Blood River, Battle of, South Africa, 1838 -- Monuments en
dc.subject.lcsh Zulu (African people) -- Monuments en
dc.subject.lcsh Identity (Psychology) in architecture -- South Africa en
dc.subject.lcsh Afrikaners -- Monuments en
dc.subject.lcsh Ncome Museum -- History en
dc.subject.lcsh Religious architecture -- Spain -- History en
dc.subject.lcsh Spain -- History -- 711-1516 en
dc.subject.lcsh Catedral (Cordoba, Spain) en
dc.subject.lcsh Culture conflict -- Spain -- History en
dc.subject.lcsh Culture conflict -- South Africa -- History en
dc.title The influence of the dominance of cultures on artefacts : two case studies – Cordoba, Spain, and Blood River, South Africa en_US
dc.type Article en_US


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