Butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine and ketamine–butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine chemical immobilization in habituated subadult female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Abstract

Please read abstract in the article.

Description

Keywords

Butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine (BAM), Ketamine–butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine (KBAM), Chemical immobilization, Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), Immobilization

Sustainable Development Goals

SDG-03: Good health and well-being

Citation

Pfitzer, S., Laubscher, L.L., Raath, J.P. et al. 2025, 'Butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine and ketamine–butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine chemical immobilization in habituated subadult female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)', Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 403-411, doi : 10.1016/j.vaa.2025.04.009.