Abstract:
Knowledge about ecological conditions and processes in centers of endemism (CoEs) is
still limited with respect to various systematic groups of organisms, ecosystem types, ecological
conditions, and ecosystem services. We review the characterization, identification, and meaning
of CoEs. Endemics play an increasing and prominent role in nature conservation monitoring and
management and in the organization of zoos, aquaria, and botanical gardens. We examine the
importance of different groups of organisms and indicators for the characterization of endemicrich
regions, e.g., with regard to the richness of endemics per region and degree of endemism, the
importance of heterogeneity in space, continuity in time, isolation, and ex situ management for the
survival of endemic species. Currently, conversion of land cover and land use change are the most
important causes of biodiversity decline and extinction risk of endemic and endangered species.
These are followed by climate change, including severe weather, and then natural processes such as
volcanism, landslides, or tsunamis. For conservation purposes, the management of regional land use,
zoos, aquaria, botanical gardens, and social aspects of the diversity of endemics and CoEs have to be
taken into account as well. We find that the ex situ representation of endemics in general is limited,
and conservation networks in this regard can be improved. We need better answers to questions
about the relationship between ecoregions, CoEs and regional awareness of endemism, which is
linked with human culture including aesthetics, well-being, health, and trade.
