Abstract:
Biodiversity loss is recognized as a grand challenge of the twenty-first century but ascertaining
when a species is “lost” can be incredibly difficult—since the absence of evidence is not evidence of
absence. This may be a relatively easy task for large and conspicuous animals, but extremely difficult
for those living hidden lives or at low population sizes. We showcase this challenge by focusing on
Africa’s montane skink, Proscelotes aenea (Barbour & Loveridge 1928). In this study, we embarked on
a year-long intensive survey to find this fossorial species in Lumbo, Northern Mozambique, the only
remaining location where it may still occur but was recorded for the last time over 100 years ago. We
located the species already after 20 days of intensive and targeted searching by five members of our
team. The finding allowed us to describe, for the first time, details on the biology and ecology of the
species, alongside photos and videos of live specimens (including a pregnant female), and to sequence
DNA from the species, which we used to infer the phylogenetic placement. Our combined 12S and
16S phylogenetic analysis weakly suggest that the genus Proscelotes may not be monophyletic and
therefore requires further phylogenetic work and potentially taxonomic revision. We also gathered
evidence of a possible decrease in population abundance and, based on the species’ ecology, we
identified urbanization as a potential key threat, which could lead to the local or global extirpation of
the species. We call for urgent conservation actions that help protect the future of the montane skink,
and additional surveys to map its full distribution. As countries now work towards implementing the
goals and targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, our study demonstrates
the need for proper investments in biodiversity inventories and monitoring in order to halt species
extinctions by 2030.
Description:
DATA AVAILABILTY : The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the GenBank and GBIF repositories. https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/subs/genbank/SUB12872088, https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/subs/genbank/SUB12843287, https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/subs/genbank/SUB12843061, https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/subs/genbank/SUB12843158, https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/subs/genbank/SUB13084977, https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/subs/genbank/SUB13084980,. GBIF (https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8kydfs). photos and videos of the species are freely available on the project’s website: www.extinctorshy.org and supplementary material.