Abstract:
OBJECTIVE : This study was designed to gain insights regarding patterns of social representations
(values, ideas, beliefs) of tinnitus and their relation to demographic and clinical factors.
METHOD : A cross-sectional survey design was used including 399 adults seeking help and reporting
interest in internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for tinnitus. Data were collected using a free
association task and analysis used qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (cluster analysis and
chi-square analysis) using the Iramuteq software. RESULTS : The social representations identified the
negative impact of tinnitus and included the way it sounded (descriptions of the way tinnitus sounds
(18%), annoyance (13.5%), and persistence (8%)). Four clusters were identified representing four
levels of tinnitus severity, namely debilitating tinnitus (24%), distressing tinnitus (10%), annoying
tinnitus (46%), and accepting tinnitus (20%). Cluster identity was associated with demographic and
clinical variables. DISCUSSION : The identified clusters represented tinnitus severity experience in four
stages, ranging from debilitating tinnitus to acceptance of tinnitus. These findings are important
for clinical practice where tinnitus descriptions can indicate the stage of the tinnitus experience and
which intervention pathway may be most appropriate.
