DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The assembled genome and gene structures have been deposited in the Genome Warehouse in the National Genomics Data Center under accession number GWHAORS00000000 with the BioProject ID (PRJCA003323) and the BioSample ID (SAMC231736), which is publicly accessible at https://bigd.big.ac.cn/gwh.
SUPPORTING FIGURES : FIGURE S1. The morphology and genome survey of Corydalis tomentella.
FIGURE S2. Hi-C intrachromosomal contact map for genome assembly (2n = 16).
FIGURE S3. Dot plot of paralogous blocks in Corydalis tomentella shows the potential whole-genome duplication event.
FIGURE S4. Synteny analysis between Corydalis tomentella and other eudicot genomes.
FIGURE S5. Ks distributions of whole paralogs (gray bars) and anchor-pair paralogs (black bars) for Vitis vinifera and six sister lineages to core eudicots (Aquilegia coerulea, Corydalis tomentella, Eschscholzia californica, Macleaya cordata, Nelumbo nucifera and Papaver somniferum).
FIGURE S6. The kernel density estimation (KDE) of the orthologous Ks distributions between Vitis vinifera and six sister lineages to core eudicots.
FIGURE S7. HPLC analysis of BIAs in different tissues of Corydalis tomentella, including root, stem, leaf and flower.
FIGURE S8. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of dehydroapocavidine and dehydroisoapocavidine in methanol-D4 using a Bruker 600-MHz NMR spectrometer.
FIGURE S9. Identification of chemical structures of dehydroapocavidine and dehydroisoapocavidine based on the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra.
FIGURE S10. The proportion of labeled and unlabeled BIA compounds in the study of isotopic tracer.
FIGURE S11. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of the BIA compounds detected in Corydalis tomentella.
FIGURE S12. Gene cluster and gene expression analysis related to BIA biosynthesis in Corydalis tomentella.
FIGURE S13. Evolutional analysis of NCS gene clusters among Aquilegia coerulea (AqcoeXGXXXXXX), Corydalis tomentella (contigXXXXXX), Macleaya cordata (BVC80_XXXXXXX), Nelumbo nucifera (NNU_XXXXX) and Papaver somniferum (PSXXXXXXX) genomes.
FIGURE S14. Evolutional analysis of 6OMT and NMCH genes among Aquilegia coerulea (AqcoeXGXXXXXX), Corydalis tomentella (contigXXXXXX), Macleaya cordata (BVC80_XXXXXXX), Nelumbo nucifera (NNU_XXXXX) and Papaver somniferum (PSXXXXXXX) genomes.
FIGURE S15. Evolutional analysis of NMT genes among Aquilegia coerulea (AqcoeXGXXXXXX), Corydalis tomentella (contigXXXXXX), Macleaya cordata (BVC80_XXXXXXX), Nelumbo nucifera (NNU_XXXXX) and Papaver somniferum (PSXXXXXXX) genomes.
FIGURE S16. The classification of OMT genes identified from Aquilegia coerulea (AqcoeXGXXXXXX), Corydalis tomentella (contigXXXXXX), Macleaya cordata (BVC80_XXXXXXX), Nelumbo nucifera (NNU_XXXXX) and Papaver somniferum (PSXXXXXXX) genomes.
FIGURE S17. Evolutional analysis of CYP719 genes among the Papaveraceae species, Corydalis tomentella (contigXXXXXX), Macleaya cordata (BVC80_XXXXXXX) and Papaver somniferum (PSXXXXXXX).
FIGURE S18. The collinearity analysis of conserved gene cluster related to the upstream biosynthesis of BIAs between Corydalis tomentella and Macleaya cordata.
FIGURE S19. The classification of CYP82N, CYP82X and CYP82Y subfamily members identified from Aquilegia coerulea (AqcoeXGXXXXXX), Corydalis tomentella (contigXXXXXX), Macleaya cordata (BVC80_XXXXXXX), Nelumbo nucifera (NNU_XXXXX) and Papaver somniferum (PSXXXXXXX) genomes.
FIGURE S20. The in vivo catalytic assays of CtBBEL8 and CtBBEL31 in Sf9 insect cells using tetrahydrocolumbamin and tetrahydropalmatine as substrates, respectively.
FIGURE S21. The in vivo catalytic assays of BwSTOX, CtBBEL8, CtBBEL22 and CtBBEL31 in Sf9 insect cells using cavidine, chilanthifoline and stylopine as substrates, respectively.
FIGURE S22. The LC-MS analysis of the catalytic reactions of CtBBEL8, CtBBEL22 and CtBBEL31 using tetrahydrocolumbamin, tetrahydropalmatine, cheilanthifoline, cavidine and stylopine as substrates, respectively.
SUPPORTING TABLES : TABLE S1. Sequencing data from Illumina short-read platform for DNA libraries.
TABLE S2. Sequencing data from Illumina short-read platform for cDNA libraries.
TABLE S3. Sequel sequencing data.
TABLE S4. Corydalis tomentella genome assembly and annotation.
TABLE S5. Statistics of eight pseudochromosome assembly of Corydalis tomentella genome.
TABLE S6. Annotation of Corydalis tomentella transposable elements (TEs).
TABLE S7. Identification of simple sequence repeats in the Corydalis tomentella genome.
TABLE S8. The numbers of BIA biosynthetic genes in studied species from Ranunculales and Proteales.
TABLE S9. Gene expression (FPKM values) analysis of BIA biosynthetic genes in Corydalis tomentella.