Validation of low-cost impedance analyzer via nitrate detection
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Date
Authors
De Beer, Dirk Johannes
Joubert, Trudi-Heleen
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
MDPI
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is a widely used electrochemical technique with a wide variety of applications. Many of these applications benefit from the additional accessibility provided by low-cost impedance devices. With this in mind, a low-cost impedance device was designed for a high performance-to-cost ratio. The performance of this analyzer was validated against a high-performance DropSens µStat-i 400s potentiostat by performing an application-based experiment. Nitrate detection provides a relevant experiment because of the importance of maintaining precise nitrate concentrations to mitigate the impact of nitrate fluctuations on the environment. Dissolved nitrate samples of different concentrations, in the range 3–1000 mg/L, were confirmed colorimetrically and measured with both instruments. A calibration curve of the real impedance matched a sigmoidal transfer, with a linear region for concentrations below 10 mg/L. The device under investigation exhibited an average magnitude error of 1.28% and an average phase error of 0.96∘ relative to the high-performance standard, which validates the performance of the low-cost device. A cost analysis is presented that highlights some of the complexities of cost comparisons.
Description
Keywords
Impedance spectroscopy, Low-cost, Water quality monitoring, Nitrate detection, Point-of-need
Sustainable Development Goals
Citation
De Beer, D.J.; Joubert, T.-H.
Validation of Low-Cost Impedance
Analyzer via Nitrate Detection.
Sensors 2021, 21, 6695. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196695.