Determining the dimensionality and gender invariance of the MACE work-to-family enrichment scale using bifactor and approximate invariance tests

Abstract

ORIENTATION: Uncertainty about which measurement model of the MACE work-to-family enrichment scale (MACE-W2FE) is best supported by the data called for clarification. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The main aim of our study was to get clarity on the dimensionality of the MACE-W2FE. The secondary aim was to test for approximate invariance of the measure for gender groups. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Variations in the reported measurement models for the MACE-W2FE between studies are not conducive for theory development and called for clarification. Previous models reported were a multidimensional model and a secondorder model. Approximate measurement invariance is a prerequisite for study differences between gender groups. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: We did seek to resolve the problem by using bifactor model analysis, factor strength indices and local indicator misspecification analyses using a sample of 786 South African employees. Invariance was tested using the alignment optimisation method. MAIN FINDINGS: In this study, we solved a substantive research problem by determining that the data from the study best supported a single breadth factor or first-order factor model that was essentially unidimensional. The invariance tests across gender groups confirmed approximate configural, measurement and scalar invariances for the unidimensional model. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Researchers and practitioners may include the MACEW2FE in studies as a single-aggregated score without negligible loss in measurement precision. Contribution/value-add: The extended confirmatory factor analyses we conducted proved valuable in resolving the MACE-W2FE’s dimensionality vacillations, thereby enhancing the validity of inferences made from scale scores.