Abstract:
The interactive effects between additives and weld lines, which are frequent injectionmoulding defects, were studied in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and compared to weld-line-free
reference samples. These materials were formulated around a D- and I-optimal experimental design,
based on a quadratic Scheffé polynomial model, with up to 60 wt% calcium carbonate, masterbatched
carbon black and a stabiliser package. Where reasonable and appropriate, the behaviours of the
systems were modelled using statistical techniques, for a better understanding of the underlying
trends. The characterisations were performed through the use of conventional tensile testing, digital
image correlation (DIC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A range of complex interactive
effects were found during conventional tensile testing, with DIC used to better understand and
explain these effects. SEM is used to better understand the failure mechanics of some of these systems
through fractography, particularly regarding particle effects. A measure is introduced to quantify the
deviation of the pre-yield deformation curve from the ideal elastic case. Novel analysis of DIC results
is proposed, through the use of combined time-series plots and measures quantifying the extent and
localisation of peak deformation. Through this, it could be found that strong shifts in the deformation
mechanisms occur as a function of formulation and the presence/absence of weld lines. Primarily,
changes are noted in the onset of continuous inter- and intralamellar slip and cavitation/fibrillation,
seen through the onset of localised deformation and stress-whitening.
