Abstract:
Antimicrobials (AM) are used for growth promotion and therapy in pig production. Its
misuse has led to the development of resistant organisms. We evaluated Escherichia coli
virulence genes, and compared phenotypic–genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
patterns of faecal E. coli from pigs receiving routine farm treatment without antimicrobial
agents against pigs treated routinely with AM over 70 days. Recovered E. coli were tested for
AMR using disk diffusion and polymerase chain reaction. Virulence genes were detected
in 24.8% of isolates from antimicrobial group and 43.5% from non-antimicrobial group
(p = 0.002). The proportion of virulence genes heat-stable enterotoxins a & b (STa, STb),
enteroaggregative heat stable enterotoxin 1 [EAST1] and Shiga toxin type 2e [Stx2e]) were
18.1%, 0.0%, 78.7% and 3.0% for antimicrobial group and 14.8%, 8.5%, 85.1% and 12.7% for
non-antimicrobial groups, respectively. Resistance to oxytetracycline was most common
(p = 0.03) in samples collected between days 10 and 21. Resistance shifted to amoxicillin on
days 56–70, and trimethoprim resistance was observed throughout. Seventeen phenotypic
AMR combinations were observed and eight were multidrug resistant. At least one
tetracycline resistance gene was found in 63.9% of the isolates. tet (A) (23.3%) was most
common in the antimicrobial group, whereas tet (B) (43.5%) was prevalent in the nonantimicrobial group. Usage or non-usage of antimicrobial agents in growing pigs does not
preclude virulence genes development and other complex factors may be involved
as previously described. Heavily used AM correspond to the degree of resistance and
tetracycline resistance genes were detected during the growth phase.
