Sulcal pattern variation in extant human endocasts

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Authors

De Jager, Edwin John
Van Schoor, Albert-Neels
Hoffman, Jakobus W.
Oettle, Anna Catherina
Fonta, Caroline
Mescam, Muriel
Risser, Laurent
Beaudet, Amelie

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Publisher

Wiley

Abstract

Our knowledge of human brain evolution primarily relies on the interpretation of palaeoneurological evidence. In this context, an endocast or replica of the inside of the bony braincase can be used to reconstruct a timeline of cerebral changes that occurred during human evolution, including changes in topographic extension and structural organisation of cortical areas. These changes can be tracked by identifying cerebral imprints, particularly cortical sulci. The description of these crucial landmarks in fossil endocasts is, however, challenging. High‐resolution imaging techniques in palaeoneurology offer new opportunities for tracking detailed endocranial neural characteristics. In this study, we use high‐resolution imaging techniques to document the variation in extant human endocranial sulcal patterns for subsequent use as a platform for comparison with the fossil record. We selected 20 extant human crania from the Pretoria Bone Collection (University of Pretoria, South Africa), which were detailed using X‐ray microtomography at a spatial resolution ranging from 94 to 123 μm (isometric). We used Endex to extract, and Matlab to analyse the cortical imprints on the endocasts. We consistently identified superior, middle and inferior sulci on the frontal lobe; and superior and inferior sulci on the temporal lobe. We were able to label sulci bordering critical functional areas such as Broca's cap. Mapping the sulcal patterns on extant endocasts is a prerequisite for constructing an atlas which can be used for automatic sulci recognition.

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Keywords

Sulci detection, Palaeoneurology, Human neuroanatomy, Cerebral variation, Brain cast

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Citation

De Jager, E.J., Van Schoor, A.N., Hoffman, J.W. et al. 2019, 'Sulcal pattern variation in extant human endocasts', Journal of Anatomy, vol. 235, no. 4, pp. 803-810.