Abstract:
Reverse dispersion modelling was employed to quantify sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions from brick firing clamp kilns and spontaneous combustion from a coal discard dump. Reverse dispersion modelling technique integrates ambient monitoring and dispersion simulation to calculate actual emission rates from an assumed rate of 1 g per second (g/s). Emission rates and emission factors were successfully quantified for SO2, but not for NO2, due to the influence of external sources and the complexity regarding the varying proportion of nitrogen oxides released from the kiln. Quantified emission factor for clamp kiln firing ranged from 1.91–3.24 g of SO2 per brick fired and 0.67–1.14 g of SO2 per kilogram of bricks fired. The variation in SO2 emission factors was linked to high variability in energy input. The source configuration input to the dispersion model, assumed to represent the kiln, was changed from a volume source to a more effective “bi-point” source situated at the top of the kiln, with buoyancy calculated from the carbon combustion rate. In addition, SO2 emission rate for spontaneous combustion from the discard dump was quantified as 0.35 g/s. 274 tons of discard material was estimated to burn annually, assuming that the emission rate is consistent over a year. Consequently, the reverse dispersion modelling and the elevated “bi-point” source technique may be considered a novel approach for quantifying emissions from combustion of materials or mixture of materials where knowledge of source parameters is limited.
