Theses and Dissertations (Social Work and Criminology)

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Gestaltterapie met die allergiese kind in die middelkinderjare
(University of Pretoria, 1999-08) Joubert, J.M.C.; Yssel, Johanna Maria
Afrikaans: Hierdie studie is gerig op die daarstelling van 'n gestaltspelterapeutiese program wat gebruik kan word om die allergiese kind in die middelkinderjare te begelei om beheer oor sy siekte te verkry en om die invloed daarvan op sy ontwikkelingstaakbemeestering te minimaliseer. In aansluiting hierby is 'n ouerleidingprogram ontwikkel waar gestaltbeginsels benut is om die ouers van die allergiese kinders ter versterking van die doelstellings van die spelterapeutiese program te bemagtig. Vanuit die literatuur en vorige navorsingsbevindinge is dit duidelik dat die voorkoms van 'n allergiese siekte 'n negatiewe invloed op die kind in die middelkinderjare se bemeestering van sy ontwikkelingstake op emosionele, sosiale en akademiese gebied kan uitoefen. Dit kan daartoe lei dat die kind se selfbeeldontwikkeling benadeel word en hy kan angs, frustrasie en aggressie ervaar wat sy gesonde funksionering strem. Op sosiale gebied kan allergiese siektes daartoe lei dat die kind ge"fsoleer word en dat hy nie soos sy maats aan alle aktiwiteite kan deelneem nie - dit kan tot portuurgroepverwerping lei. Op akademiese gebied kan die allergiese kind te siek voel om sy volle aandag aan sy skoolwerk te gee, wat moontlik onderprestasie en verminderde motivering tot gevolg kan he. Die voorkoms van 'n allergiese siekte het verder 'n definitiewe invloed op die gesinsfunksionering en kan negatiewe gevolge vir sowel die ouer-kind verhouding en opvoedingstyl as die sibbeverhoudinge inhou. Die beginsels van die gestaltbenadering fokus op die kind se verhoogde bewustheid van homself in sy situasie, sy verbeterde emosionele hantering van eise wat aan horn gestel word, die verhoging van sy beheer oor sy lewe en die versterking van sy eie verantwoordelikheidneming vir sy gesondheid. Deur die benutting van hierdie beginsels in beide programme kan die kind deur spelterapie en 'n ondersteunende ouerleidingprogram gehelp word om toepaslike beheer oor sy siekte uit te oefen en die moontlike negatiewe invloed van allergiese siektes op sy ontwikkelingstaak bemeestering en totale funksionering te minimaliseer. Ten einde die kennisleemte wat in die hantering van die spesifieke behoeftes van allergiese kinders bestaan te oorbrug, is die gestaltspelterapeutiese- en ouerleidingprogramme ontwikkel. Ses respondente in hul middelkinderjare en hul ouers is by die implementering van beide die spelterapeutiese- en ouerleidingprogramme betrek. Die navorsingsresultate het daarop gedui dat die gestaltspelterapeutiese program suksesvol was in die fasilitering van die kind se verhoogde bewustheid van homself in en verhoogde beheer oor sy situasie, verbeterde emosionele hantering en verhoogde verantwoordelikheidneming vir sy gesondheid. Die gegewens het verder daarop gedui dat die ouerleidingprogram suksesvol was om die ouers van die kinders tot ondersteuning van die spelterapeutiese doelstellings te bemagtig en hul opvoedingstaak te vergemaklik. Die programme is dus suksesvol vir sowel die gestaltterapeutiese begeleiding van allergiese kinders in die middelkinderjare tot optimale funksionering en beheer van allergiese siektes, as die bemagtiging van ouers ter ondersteuning van die spelterapeutiese program. Die gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings van die studie fokus op die bereiking van die doelstelling en doelwitte van die studie, gevolgtrekkings oor die navorsingsbevindinge, aspekte wat in ag geneem moet word in die gebruik van die programme en verdere navorsingsmoontlikhede wat uit die studie voortspruit.
'n Kwalitatiewe ondersoek na die emosionele belewenis van enkele Suid-Afrikaanse blanke geskeide mans
(University of Pretoria, 1992-02) Du Preez, M.S.E.; sulette.ferreira@gmail.com; Ferreira, Sulette
Afrikaans: Hierdie ondersoek lewer 'n beskeie bydrae tot die verkryging van wetenskaplike kennis oor mans se ervaring en hantering van egskeiding waaroor weinig, veral in Suid-Afrika, bekend is, asook tot die verskaffing van maatskaplikewerk-hulp aan mans wat in Suid-Afrika hierdie lewenskrisis beleef. Ten einde die ondersoek te kon doen, is die doelstellings van die ondersoek soos volggestel: Om deur middel van 'n verkenning van die bestaande literatuur oor egskeiding die sentrale teoretiese modelle te bepaal en te beskryf wat deur sosiaal-wetenskaplikes gekonstrueer is om egskeiding te begryp, en terapie te verskaf aan diegene wat daardeur geraak word. Om deur middel van 'n plooibare navorsingsbenadering, te wete die kwali tatiewe model, eerstehandse inligting te bekom rakende enkele geskeide blanke Suid-Afrikaanse mans se sosiale werklikheid, dit wil se hoe hulle sin en betekenis aan hul egskeidings gee. Om te let op die behoefte van die geskeide man aan terapeutiese hulpverlening en op grond hiervan aanbevelings te maak aan die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskaplikewerk-praktyk. Om 'n bydrae tot die metodologie van maatskaplikewerknavorsing in Suid-Afrika te lewer deur prakties te illustreer hoe die kwalitatiewe navorsingstyl wat tot nog toe selde in plaaslike maatskaplikewerk-studies onderneem is, aangewend kan word om geskeide mans se definisies van hul situasies, of meer spesifiek, hul subjektiewe ervarings en interpretasies van hul lotgevalle, te peil en te beskryf. Hoewel vandag algemeen aanvaar word dat een uit elke drie huwelike in Suid-Afrika in die egskeidingshof eindig, is wetenskaplike literatuur oor die probleem in die land beperk. Verder blyk dit dat weinig teoretiese en empiriese inligting spesifiek oor die geskeide man hier te lande beskikbaar is. Hoewel aansienlik meer aandag in die buiteland aan egskeiding gegee word, blyk dit dat sosiaal-wetenskaplikes veral in die geskeide vrou geYnteresseerd is en dat haar eweknie, te wete die geskeide man, verwaarloos word. Nogtans is waardevolle inligting uit die beskikbare literatuur onttrek oor die egskeidingsproses en oor sowel die geskeide vrou as die geskeide man. Die insigte wat van die onderskeie teoretici en navorsers verkry is, was nie alleen nuttig om die data te interpreteer wat tydens die empiriese studie ingesamel is nie, maar hou belofte in vir sowel verdere plaaslike studies van geskeide mans as vir hulpverlening aan hulle. Vyftien geskeide blanke mans is met behulp van die sneeubaltegniek opgespoor en tot deelname aan die empiriese studie oorgehaal. Hierbenewens is twee geskeide mans op dieselfde wyse gewerf om die navorsingsresultate te verifieer. Bestaande riglyne vir kwalitatiewe navorsing is sover moontlik in die studie toegepas en daar is daarin geslaag om, hoewel nie uitvoerig nie, 'n getroue prentjie van die lewensituasie van die geskeide blanke man te beskryf. Die data is verkry deur onderhoude (semi-gestruktureerd maar ook ongestruktureerd) met die respondente te voer en deur dokumente te benut wat hulle vir hul eie gebruik of op versoek van navorser opgestel het. Afgesien van die dokumente is van oudiobande gebruik gemaak en die byhou van notas om die verkree data vas te le. Die data is voortdurend bestudeer en is veral aan die einde van die ondersoek in temas en patrone gekategoriseer en geYnterpreteer met behulp van sekere bestaande teoriee wat tydens die literatuurverkenning afgebaken is. Regdeur die ondersoek is sover moontlik gepoog om faktore te neutraliseer wat die resultate nadelig kon beYnvloed. Die slotsom waartoe uiteindelik geraak is, is dat die lewensituasie van die aantal geskeide mans wat as proefpersone benut is, geldig en akkuraat verken en beskryf is. Die belangrikste bevindinge van die empiriese studie is die volgende: Egskeiding is 'n proses met fases wat onderskei maar nie geskei kan word nie; die geskeide man ervaar verskeie emosionele belewenisse voor, tydens en na afloop van die egskeiding; die aanpassing aan die egskeiding word deur verskillende faktore geaffekteer; egskeiding het 'n effek op die verhoudingslewe van die geskeide man; die godsdiensbeskouing van die geskeide man speel 'n kardinale rol in sy verwerking van die egskeiding en ten slotte het die geskeide man behoefte aan terapeutiese intervensie. Dit blyk dat geskeide mans by maatskaplikewerk-hulpverlening kan baat mits sodanige programme in samewerking met hulle opgestel word.
Young adult’s reflections on their experiences of social media use during adolescence : a case study in Pretoria, Gauteng
(University of Pretoria, 2024-07) Le Roux, M.P. (Liana); charmanayschoeman@gmail.com; Schoeman, Charmanay
In the digital age, social media has become an integral part of adolescents’ lives, shaping their behaviours, identities, and interactions. Social media use is associated with both advantages and risks. The goal of the study was to explore the experiences of social media use during adolescence through the reflections of a sample of young adults living in Pretoria, Gauteng, to provide insight into the phenomenon. The objectives were to theoretically conceptualise social media and to contextualise it within the South African context; to explore and describe participants’ use of social media during their adolescent years; to explore and describe the participants’ perceptions of positive and negative influences of social media use on them during adolescence; to obtain suggestions from the participants on promoting optimal use of social media by adolescents; and to obtain the participants’ suggestions for curbing the harmful effects of social media on adolescents. The research question that guided the research was: What are young adults’ reflections on their experiences of social media during adolescence? An interpretivist paradigm and qualitative research approach was adopted to gain a rich understanding of the participants’ perceptions of the phenomenon. Following an instrumental case study design, purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit participants who could provide information to achieve the goal and objectives of the study.
Exploring perceptions of Restorative Justice implementation : insights from facilitators and offenders at two South African Correctional Centres
(University of Pretoria, 2025-01-30) Coetzee, Laetitia; Booyens, Karen; sammy.tuks@gmail.com; Bennie, Samantha
A dearth in research pertaining to the implementation of Restorative Justice (RJ) in South African Correctional Centres exists. In order to address this research gap and add to the knowledge base, the current study explored and described the perceptions of RJ facilitators pertaining to the implementation of RJ in two selected Correctional Centres and determined if and how victims are included in the RJ programme presented in the two selected Correctional Centres. Furthermore, the experiences of offenders who participated in the RJ programme presented in the two selected Correctional Centres were investigated, and improvement measures for RJ in Correctional Centres were explored and described. This culminated in an integrated framework of best practices pertaining to RJ in Correctional Centres. John Braithwaite’s Reintegrative Shaming theory, Paul McCold and Ted Wachtel’s Conceptual theory of RJ, Howard Zehr’s RJ framework, and Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems theory guided the study. To achieve the aim and objectives of the study, a qualitative research approach was applied. Data collection methods included two focus group discussions (one for Gauteng and one for the Western Cape) with a total of twelve RJ programme facilitators from NGOs and FBOs who are involved in the facilitation of RJ programmes in Correctional Centres. Furthermore, twelve offenders from Correctional Centre A and seventeen offenders from Correctional Centre B participated in personal (face-to-face) interviews guided by a semi-structured interview guide. By utilising Braun and Clarke’s six-phase approach to reflexive thematic analysis, themes and sub-themes of the experiences of the RJ programme facilitators and offenders were developed. The findings indicated that although RJ has a distinctly positive impact, various improvement measures are needed with regard to the practical implementation thereof. RJ programme facilitators had consensus that RJ programmes that are implemented in Correctional Centres have a restorative nature; however, improvement measures are needed, including financing of NGOs and FBOs to facilitate these programmes, a larger group of facilitators, training of correctional officials, and the creation of a victim centre to focus on victim tracing. Offenders participating in RJ programmes agreed that additional facilitators are required, but placed more focus on a longer programme and extending the lessons of RJ to environments other than Correctional Centres to increase the chances of a fully restorative process. It furthermore became evident that although RJ programmes presented at Correctional Centres hold the same goals, they are not implemented in the same manner at different Correctional Centres. The integrated framework provided in the concluding chapter of this thesis is an attempt to propose a research-informed RJ programme that can be presented in South African Correctional Centres in order to achieve a standardised response to restore justice between offenders and their victims.
Exploring children’s experiences and perspectives on flood-related disaster risk reduction and adaptation in Mamelodi East
(University of Pretoria, 2025-05) Lombard, A. (Antoinette); phiwemm@gmail.com; Mazibuko, Simphiwe Clamentine
In South Africa, floods have become a more prominent natural disaster in recent years primarily due to extreme weather events linked to climate change. These extreme weather events and natural disasters disproportionately impact and affect children. The goal of the study was to explore children’s experiences and perspectives on flood-related disaster risk reduction (DRR) and adaptation in Mamelodi East. A qualitative study was conducted using an exploratory case study design. The sample of four participants aged 8 to 12 years from Viva Foundation School in Mamelodi East was selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using photovoice and semi-structured one-on-one interviews and analysed utilising the six phases of the reflexive thematic analysis method. The participant’s parents/guardians provided informed consent, and the participants gave their assent, while the researcher adhered to the confidentially of information as outlined in the ethical considerations of the study. The findings indicate that illegal waste dumping, and lack of necessary infrastructure contribute to environmental risks of flooding in Mamelodi East. Additionally, the findings reveal that floods negatively impact the daily functioning of the community, including people’s health and the environment. The study concluded that children are well informed about the interrelated nature of environmental flood risks and the severity of flooding impacts in their community. They recognise how floods affect their own lives as well as the lives of community members. Based on the identified environmental flood risks, participants proposed strategies to mitigate these risks and the impacts of floods, including the construction of flood-resistant infrastructure, improved waste removal services, and the initiation and implementation of clean-up campaigns. The study recommends that the community launch educational awareness campaigns about the impact of illegal waste dumping. Secondly, it advocates for the creation of resilient and improved infrastructure. Additionally, the study suggests that local and provincial governments enhance the provision of basic services. Lastly, it encourages promoting children’s involvement in disaster risk reduction efforts.
An exploration of the perceptions of role players in the criminal justice system regarding electronic monitoring as a sentencing option for low-risk offenders
(University of Pretoria, 2025-03) Booyens, Karen; u21706418@tuks.co.za; Sibisi, Nonhle Tracey
This study explored the views of legal practitioners and community corrections officials on the use of electronic monitoring as a sentencing option for low-risk offenders in the South African criminal justice system. Sykes’ deprivation model, Farabee's model of corrections, and Cohen and Felson's routine activities theory guided the study. The pragmatic paradigm was followed as a frame of reference, and the convergent mixed methods research design was applied to explore the viability, benefits, and challenges of electronic monitoring. For the qualitative component, telephonic interviews were conducted with legal practitioners (magistrates and attorneys) (n=18), and for the quantitative component, electronic or web-based surveys were sent to community corrections officials (n=120). Qualitative data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, and quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 29). The study highlighted the significance of electronic monitoring as an alternative sentencing option, a supervision tool, and an effective method for deterring crime. Among the benefits of electronic monitoring were its cost-effectiveness compared to imprisonment, and its ability to reduce the workload of community corrections officials and prison overcrowding. Concerns raised included technical and operational challenges, privacy issues, and perceived leniency of electronic monitoring as a sentence. The study provided recommendations for stakeholders and policymakers on effectively integrating electronic monitoring into the justice system. This included a multi-stakeholder task force to supervise the development and implementation of electronic monitoring, establishing curfews and geographical restrictions, integrating electronic monitoring with rehabilitative programmes, providing adequate resources and technological infrastructure, collaborating with international experts to ensure global best practices, and safeguarding offenders’ rights. The study acknowledged that legislative reforms are needed to create a robust legal framework for electronic monitoring to be implemented as a sustainable alternative to incarceration.
Developing social work guidelines for community gardens for persons with disabilities in Limpopo Province : a social development approach
(University of Pretoria, 2024-10) Bila, Nontembeko; briantigere@yahoo.com; Tigere, Brian
In South Africa's Limpopo province, community gardens registered under the Non-Profit Act provide welfare services to persons with disabilities. These gardens follow a welfarist approach and can significantly contribute to social development services. Persons with disabilities are often excluded from economic and social services, especially in rural areas. The study aimed to develop guidelines for social workers and community gardens to improve the socio-economic conditions of persons with disabilities. The empirical research occurred in community gardens across five districts in Limpopo, South Africa: Capricorn, Waterberg, Sekhukhune, Mopani, and Vhembe. The study consisted of two phases: the first employed a qualitative approach, and the second utilised a quantitative approach. A mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative) was used in the study. In the first phase, 50 persons with disabilities were selected from five community gardens, one from each of the five districts. Additionally, ten social workers from the five districts participated in the study. Five community garden managers were included in the first phase. Lastly, five agricultural extension officers from the Department of Agricultural provincial office in Polokwane, Capricorn district, participated in the study. Seventy participants took part in the first phase of the study. In the second phase, 20 social workers received training on using and implementing the guidelines. A pre-experimental design with a one-group pre-test and post-test was used based on the intervention research approach. The same group of 20 participants took a post-test to compare and interpret the impact of the guideline training. The study's first phase and literature helped create guidelines for community gardens for persons with disabilities meant for social workers. Findings showed that social workers' developmental social work services in these gardens failed due to a lack of guidelines, resulting in inconsistent service delivery. Additionally, social workers lacked knowledge and skills for working effectively with persons with disabilities. The guideline resulted from the findings of the first phase of the study. Key findings indicate that community gardens offer economic and social benefits for persons with disabilities, contributing to poverty alleviation and improved livelihoods. Additionally, these gardens are crucial for the social and emotional well-being of individuals with disabilities and can serve as sites for delivering social developmental services. Quantitative results show that the guideline is novel to social workers. It serves as a starting point and is usable but requires refinement. Post-test scores improved understanding of the guidelines compared to pre-test scores, indicating participant capacity-building. The results suggest that the guideline can empower social workers to provide developmental social work services to persons with disabilities within community gardens. This guideline can be employed to mainstream and standardise the provision of social services in community gardens for persons with disabilities. Keywords: Person with disability, Disability, Physical disability, Paraplegia, Community garden, Guideline, Social work, Developmental social work, Protective workshop, Community development
Children’s perspectives on child well-being : a pathway to sustainable futures. a case study in Hammanskraal, Gauteng
(University of Pretoria, 2025-01) Le Roux, Magdalena Petronella; Salomelets@gmail.com; Letsoalo, Salome Mmamakiri
Well-being is understood as a person’s perception of his or her quality of life, making it an individual perspective. Children’s well-being is important for their optimal functioning during childhood and their development into adulthood. The quality of children’s social, economic and environmental contexts play an important role in their well-being, which linked to the ecological systems theory that was the theoretical framework of the study. Large numbers of children living in South Africa live in socio-economic conditions that have a negative impact on their well-being. This study was aimed at exploring the perspectives of a sample of children living in a South African context on child well-being. Listening to children’s views on well-being is important since past research studies on the topic tended to explore the views of adults. This research was conducted as an individual study that formed part of group research project on children’s views on child well-being. Well-being is personally and socially constructed; therefore, an interpretivist paradigm and qualitative research approach was applied. The research findings might be used in social work practice; therefore, the research was an applied study. Guided by an instrumental case study, purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit 13 participants in middle childhood in Hammanskraal, Gauteng. Semi-structured interviews with the use of an interview schedule and visual communication cards were conducted to collect data. Data were analysed by means of thematic data analysis. To protect the well-being of the participants, the researcher upheld appropriate ethical principles for research. The research findings show that the participants related children’s well-being to happiness, being cared for, loved, healthy and successful. People, including parents, siblings, teachers, friends, and extended family members, as well as pets could support children’s well-being. Furthermore, children’s well-being depended on the availability of material resources in the home, community resources and a clean and safe neighbourhood and natural environment. The participants suggested that parents and adults could involve children to enhance child well-being while children could also participate in enhancing their own well-being. The research findings highlight the value of taking children’s views into account to find out what well-being means to them. Children’s well-being is multi-faceted and is influenced by factors at all ecological levels in children’s lives. Social workers should therefore adopt a holistic view of children’s well-being and plan relevant interventions on all ecological levels to enhance the well-being of children in South Africa. Children’s views on well-being must be considered to promote sustainable futures for them. Key concepts: - Child, child well-being, sustainable development, sustainable future, child participation.
Social work support services for unaccompanied refugee children in the City of Tshwane Metro Pretoria
(University of Pretoria, 2025-05) Giliomee, Corlie; smileyyeukai@gmail.com; Pedzisa, Yeukai
Globally, the migration of unaccompanied refugee children is a growing phenomenon. In South Africa, this trend has necessitated a critical examination of the social work services available to these children and the effectiveness of the interventions. This study explores the experiences of social workers in providing services to this vulnerable population, the barriers they encounter, and their recommendations for improving service delivery. Drawing upon a human rights-based approach, this qualitative research employed semi-structured interviews with eight social workers in Gauteng Province, South Africa, to gather in-depth perspectives on the challenges and successes in supporting unaccompanied refugee children. The findings reveal that unaccompanied refugee children receive a range of social work services, including assessments, basic needs fulfilment, documentation assistance, and psycho-social support. The study also highlights significant barriers hindering effective service provision by social workers, such as challenges related to the documentation of refugee children, the implementation of relevant laws and policies, language differences, limited material resources, systemic limitations within the welfare system, and a perceived lack of specialised experience among some social workers. Despite these barriers, social workers reported positive outcomes in certain cases, alongside instances where services fell short of meeting the complex needs of this population. Social workers interviewed provided suggestions for improvement, emphasising the need for structured and increased collaboration among stakeholders; the integration of refugee children within host communities; and greater government involvement and accountability; provision of training for social workers on refugee issues; and a more effective application of relevant international and national legal frameworks, including the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 and the Refugee Act 130 of 1998. Although the study did not seek the perceptions of the unaccompanied children, and the findings cannot be generalised due to the small sample size, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in serving unaccompanied refugee children and provides insights for strengthening social work interventions.
Caregivers’ views on screen time and its effect on social interactions among children in the intermediate phase in Knysna, South Africa
(University of Pretoria, 2025-03) Chiba, Jenita; mionadeklerk@gmail.com; De Klerk, Miona
This study investigates caregivers' views of screen time’s effects on the social interactions of South African children in the intermediate phase (ages 9-12). The research is driven by concern regarding increased screen time exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. An interpretivist approach was employed, utilising a descriptive and explorative design to gain an in-depth understanding of caregivers' views. Data were collected using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected sample of caregivers. The thematic analysis was guided by the principle of trustworthiness, encompassing credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Ethical considerations were rigorously complied with to ensure participants’ safety and the integrity of the research. The key findings highlight the complicated dynamics of screen time within families. While digital devices offer children educational content, communication mechanisms, and entertainment, caregivers noted significant challenges. These include reduced family interaction, conflict, and potential screen time addiction. Particularly during the pandemic, screen time played a dual role in facilitating learning and maintaining social connections, but also contributed to weakened family bonds and over-reliance on devices. The study underscores the critical role of caregivers in screen time management. Caregivers suggested structured routines, participation in extracurricular activities, and establishing clear house rules to balance screen time and other social and developmental activities. Effective screen time management supports healthier relationships within families and ensures children’s social skills are nurtured despite their engagement with technology. In conclusion, the findings suggest a balanced approach that promotes screen time while reducing its negative effects. By offering guidance on strategies for screen time management, this study provides a valuable resource for social workers, educators, and caregivers aiming to enhance children's social interactions in the digital age. Future research should explore how socio-economic factors influence screen time dynamics and the long-term implications for children’s development.
Balancing screen time and social interactions : South African caregivers' experiences
(University of Pretoria, 2025) Chiba, Jenita; mia19862@gmail.com; De Jager, Meagan
This study explored the experiences of caregivers regarding the impact of screen time on the social interactions of children in the intermediate phase (grades 4–6). Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory and Vygotsky’s Social Interaction Theory, the research employed a qualitative, interpretivist approach using a case study design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six caregivers. Findings revealed both positive and negative effects of screen time, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the importance of balance and healthy digital habits. The study recommends educational programmes for caregivers and policy development to guide appropriate screen use and support children’s social development.
The perspectives of black caregivers on child therapy in Gauteng, South Africa
(University of Pretoria, 2025-03) Jordaan, Leanne; u19191457@tuks.co.za; Hartze, Cherezaan
The idea of utilising therapeutic services has gained more traction over the last few decades as society and caregivers are starting to realise the importance of the holistic well-being of children, especially their mental and emotional well-being. However, there are still discrepancies and inequalities when it comes to the number of Black caregivers making use of and allowing their children to go to child therapy. The onus of the research study was to explore and to describe the perspectives of Black caregivers on child therapy, specifically in the context of South Africa and find out what modern, contemporary perspectives from Black caregivers are. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the perspectives of Black caregivers on child therapy in Gauteng and the research approach used to guide the research was of a qualitative nature with interpretivism being the paradigm through which the research was based. An applied research type was utilised to provide recommendations to real world practice, with a case study design outlined for the research design, particularly the instrumental case study design. The study population comprised of 8 Black caregivers residing in Gauteng and who were /are caregivers to children under the age of 18 years. Purposive sampling was method used to find participants as they had to meet the inclusion criteria. Data was collected through the form of face-to-face interviews and data was collected until data saturation was reached at 8 interviews. The data analysis technique used for the study was reflexive thematic analysis using sematic, descriptive coding. Ethical considerations that were considered during the study were avoidance of harm, no compensation, anonymity and confidentiality, informed consent and voluntary participation, adherence to the SACCSP code of ethics and finally analysis and reporting accuracy including competency. Key findings were derived from the research question: “What are the perspectives of Black caregivers on child therapy in Gauteng, South Africa?” The research participants shared that they believe child therapy is important and an essential service that should be widely spread across communities and more awareness should be generated on the need for children across public institutions such as schools and clinics. Black caregivers main the idea that child therapy is reserved for White individuals and deem it weak for Black caregivers seek out this service. Contrastingly, they highlight the benefits of child therapy as way to empower and educate caregivers on the development of children and equip them with skills to aid their children in adverse times and acknowledge that they would make use of child therapy wholeheartedly Recommendations for the social work profession include provide educational workshops and creating awareness on accessible child therapy at public service institutions such as clinics, schools and health facilities in order to bridge the gap of Black caregivers not making use of these services. Recommendations for future, prospective research could extend the study to a broader scale, studying the perspectives of Black caregivers on child therapy provincially and making child therapy equitable and legislatively mandated for all children and their caregivers seeking these services.
Evaluating the effectiveness of protection orders in preventing further victimisation of female survivors of domestic violence in the City of Tshwane, South Africa
(University of Pretoria, 2024-11) Gutura, Priscilla; u15232612@tuks.co.za; Muruzi, Yeukai Leoba
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of protection orders in preventing further victimisation of female survivors of domestic violence by the perpetrators in the City of Tshwane. The study had two sets of participants, which were the female survivors of domestic violence, and social workers that intervene in domestic violence cases. A mixed methods research approach was applied for the female survivors, and a qualitative approach for the social worker participants. The female survivors experienced all forms of abuse as stipulated in the Domestic Violence Amendment Act 14 of 2021. The female survivor participants’ knowledge of protection orders was associated with many of them not being aware of protection orders prior to the abuse and they believed protection order information was inaccessible and mainly obtained when one reports domestic violence to the police. Majority of the survivors with the interim and final protection order confirmed them to be effective in stopping the abuse. Less contact between the survivor and the perpetrator contributed to the effectiveness, whereas continued sharing of living space led to inefficacy of the orders. Social workers were regarded as important service providers for the female survivors applying for protection orders. However, their services are less known to the female survivors of domestic violence. The study concluded that the interim and final protection orders are effective in stopping further victimisation of women who have experienced abuse and promoting their safety. The effectiveness is also indicated by the perpetrator’s desistance. However, information about protection orders is rarely available to the public. Those who are aware of protection orders barely know the actual details of the application process and issuing, and many doubt their efficacy. The study further concluded that social workers are an important source of help for the female survivors of domestic violence seeking protection orders and in promoting perpetrator’s behavioural change through mediation. The study recommends more community awareness initiatives on domestic violence and the use of protection orders. Since social workers were found to be essential in assisting survivors to apply for protection orders, the study formulated practice guidelines for supporting the survivors when applying for protection orders. It is also important that the law enforces compliance with protection orders and take action when there is violation of protection orders.
The design of an outpatient harm reduction intervention for the management of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in South Africa
(University of Pretoria, 2025-07) Geyer, Stephan; thembinkosimabuza3@gmail.com; Singwane, Thembinkosi Peter
Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs) pose significant health and social challenges globally, with a rising prevalence in low and middle-income countries, including South Africa (SA). In SA, harmful alcohol use contributes significantly to health and socio-economic burdens, particularly in the Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Gauteng provinces. Despite global and national efforts in addressing AUDs, the dominance of abstinence-based treatment models in SA has created a gap in accessible alcohol harm reduction approaches tailored to the needs of individuals unwilling or unable to embrace abstinence. This study addresses this gap firstly through insights gathered from service users using qualitative interviews and secondly through quantitative data collected from service providers using a web-based QualtricsXM survey. Lastly, the study bridges this gap by designing an outpatient alcohol harm reduction intervention grounded in the harm reduction approach. Hence, the goal of the study was to develop an outpatient alcohol harm reduction intervention for the management of AUDs in South Africa. In line with the framework of Intervention Research (IR), the study started by performing a scoping review aimed at synthesising the existing literature on alcohol harm reduction interventions within the Global South, specifically for one decade (i.e., January 2013 – June 2023). This was followed by a mixed methods research approach as operationalised through a concurrent mixed methods design within the framework of IR. A total of 89 participants were purposively selected, comprising 60 service providers (social workers, psychologists, nurses and doctors) and twenty-nine service users with AUDs at outpatient treatment centres in three SA provinces. Quantitative data were gathered through a non-standardised web-based QualtricsXM survey with service providers, while qualitative data was gained through semi-structured interviews with service users. The scoping review (i.e., Phase 2 of IR, specifically “Information gathering and synthesis”) highlighted critical gaps in existing interventions, particularly the limited focus on outpatient settings and the lack of targeted strategies for vulnerable populations in the Global South. The triangulated results (i.e., Phase 1 of the intervention research, specifically “Problem analysis and project planning”) highlighted the critical harms associated with AUDs from both the perspectives of service users and service providers, such as social isolation, economic difficulties, and co-morbid physical and mental health challenges. Hence, the developed prototype intervention (i.e., Phase 3 of IR - Design) seeks to address these challenges/harms through ten embedded sessions. The ten sessions of the intervention focus on a structured and client-centred approach to reducing the harms associated with AUDs. The intervention addressed key elements: assessment, motivation, leveraging support systems, managing barriers, understanding health impacts, and developing personalised strategies for harm reduction and responsible drinking. The findings of the study demonstrate that individuals experience alcohol harms (i.e., physical health issues, psychological harms, social harms, and economic challenges) as a result of their harmful alcohol use. The study further found that there is a need for a viable alternative to abstinence-focused models in addressing AUDs in outpatient settings, such as the intervention developed in the present study. It is recommended that the intervention be piloted and refined to ensure flexibility and effectiveness in diverse settings.
Referring cases to designated child protection organisations : the experiences of social workers in Pretoria
(University of Pretoria, 2025-03) Chiba, Jenita; denielledeb@gmail.com; de Bruyn, Denielle
The referral process is crucial in the obligations of social workers regarding the protection of children. Nonetheless, the experiences of social workers in Pretoria, South Africa, concerning the referral of cases to designated child protection organisations (DCPOs) have not been extensively researched. The socio-economic circumstances in Gauteng, marked by inequalities, income disparities, and scarce resources, pose significant challenges for child protection services, further complicated by systemic inefficiencies and administrative hurdles. This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of social workers in Pretoria in referring cases to designated child protection organisations. A qualitative research approach was selected to thoroughly explore the personal experiences and perspectives of the participants. The research utilised a phenomenological design to explore the core of social workers’ experiences, emphasising their feelings, thoughts, and methods in managing the referral process. Interviews were carried out using non-probability, purposive sampling, and six participants were recruited to collect rich and valuable data. Thematic analysis was used to find common patterns and themes, ensuring trustworthiness through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The researcher made sure to uphold ethical principles, such as voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, and the commitment to avoid harm. The key findings stemmed from the research question: “What are the experiences of social workers in Pretoria referring cases to designated child protection organisations?” Participants shared that they encountered various difficulties, such as inconsistencies in referral protocols, overwhelming caseloads, insufficient resources like transport and technology, and limited collaboration with other stakeholders. The weight of these challenges, combined with fragmented feedback systems, makes their roles even more complicated. In the face of challenges, social workers showed remarkable strength and creativity in tackling these problems, using innovative methods to safeguard the welfare of children. The findings indicate that addressing these problems calls for significant changes. The recommendations seek to improve resource allocation so that social workers have the tools and assistance to effectively perform their duties. Minimising delays and preserving reliability depend on consistent referral procedures and better agency communication. Development of better training courses that provide social workers with the required knowledge and abilities would help them to properly uphold legislative frameworks and community dynamics. A united and efficient child protection system depends on improved cooperation among government agencies, NGOs, and community partners. Ultimately, creating a nurturing atmosphere that emphasises the well-being of social workers is essential for reducing burnout and maintaining their effectiveness in their roles. This study contributes to the ongoing conversation about social work practice in South Africa, offering a detailed insight into the everyday challenges encountered by social workers in Gauteng and specifically, Pretoria. The findings of this study indicate that systemic challenges greatly hinder social workers from making effective referrals to the appropriate child protection organisations.
Exploring the influence of psychosocial factors on the mental health of parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities Eersterust
(University of Pretoria, 2025-04-30) Bila, Nontembeko; u16220154@tuks.co.za; Zwane, Karabo P. (Princess)
Many studies have explored intellectual disabilities (IDs) in children, but there is limited research on the mental health of parents caring for them. Parents caring for children with IDs are often faced with unique challenges and stressors that influence their mental health. While studies in mainly developed countries have examined this issue, there is still a lack of research focusing on the experiences of South African parents. The purpose of the study was to explore the psychosocial factors influencing the mental health of parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities in Eersterust. It sought to identify the coping strategies parents use to manage stress, explore the sources of social support available to them and their impact on mental well-being, and explore and describe the role of resilience in promoting parental mental health. Additionally, the study aimed to provide recommendations for enhancing services and support systems for these parents. A qualitative research approach was appropriate for this study as the researcher wanted to understand the lived experiences of parents caring for children with IDs. Five participants were purposively selected in Eersterust. Semi-structured interviews, comprising open-ended questions with an interview guide, were utilised to collect data, which were then analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. The study identified seven key themes related to the experiences of parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities. The first theme focused on the emotional and psychological impact, highlighting struggles with denial and acceptance after diagnosis, fears about the child's future, and emotional exhaustion or burnout. Social challenges and exclusion emerged as another significant theme, with sub-themes including stigma and judgment, avoidance of social settings, and a general lack of awareness in the community. Financial strain was also a concern, particularly regarding the costs of diapers and specialised diets. Parenting challenges were explored, particularly difficulties in managing aggressive or disobedient behaviour, supporting social and emotional expressions, and navigating traditional and cultural beliefs. In terms of coping mechanisms, parents relied on faith and prayer, sought support from family, and used distractions and emotional control strategies. Despite these challenges, some positive aspects and personal growth were noted, such as celebrating their child's strengths and developing a greater awareness and understanding of intellectual disabilities. Lastly, the study presented several recommendations, emphasising the need for more substantial community support, increased awareness and positive attitudes toward intellectual disabilities, and improved access to resources and services. The key findings can help improve support services by informing targeted interventions that address parents' emotional, social, and financial challenges. Raising awareness and reducing stigma can foster community acceptance and inclusivity, while parenting support programs can equip caregivers with strategies to manage behavioural challenges and navigate cultural beliefs. Improved access to resources, such as financial aid and specialised services, can ease the burden on families. Strengthening coping mechanisms through peer support and mental health initiatives can enhance resilience and well-being. Lastly, these findings highlight the need for further research on parental mental health in South Africa, ensuring long-term improvements in care and support systems. Future research could expand on this study by exploring the experiences of parents caring for multiple children with intellectual disabilities and examining differences in stress levels, coping strategies, and support systems. Since only female participants were included in this study, future research should also explore the experiences of fathers, focusing on their mental health, caregiving roles, and coping mechanisms. Additionally, studying the perspectives of siblings of children with intellectual disabilities could provide a broader understanding of family dynamics and the overall psychosocial impact on parental well-being.
The experiences of families living in KwaZulu-Natal caring for children in middle childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic
(University of Pretoria, 2025-03) Chiba, Jenita; Harms-Smith, Linda; gogemf@icloud.com; Goge, Mbali Faith Phumzile
Caregiving is said to be challenging, and the strains that were endured during the COVID-19 pandemic added to the challenges of caregiving. Unemployment rates showed an increase to a 42.6% rate in South Africa. COVID-19 effects added stress and anxiety to the public, as families faced death, loss of income, insecure attachments, decreased boundaries, anxiety, depression, mental health and overall illness, and various other stressors. The above experiences were factors that had implications for the caregivers trying to meet the needs of a growing child that is in middle childhood. These experiences are seldom known, and thus, families fall victim to dysfunction. The goal of the research study was to explore and describe the experiences of families living in KwaZulu-Natal that cared for children in middle childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative research approach was conducted to gather information that would elaborate in detail on the individual experiences of the caregivers. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, with an interview schedule as a guide. Non-probability sampling – purposive sampling was utilised to ensure that the caregivers caring for children in middle childhood (6-12 years) who were living in KwaZulu- Natal were selected. Six participants (six females) formed the sampled group. Findings of the study suggested that the caregivers experienced financial constraints and distress during this period. In the experience of such, they engage in desperate means of survival. Social systems were affected as the families’ frustrations affected behaviours and the relations within the household, at times resulting in domestic violence perpetuation. Families became helpless and hopeless during the period, as they had no sense of permanency. Based on the findings, it was evident that the families required intense interventions to curb all the newly adopted negative stressors and coping mechanisms. It is recommended that outlines of psychosocial support interventions and distress strategies be developed for these crises prior to them taking place. The above is to ensure that they are known, and thus manpower, implementation, or resources are not a challenge in rollouts.
Exploring the views of black caregivers on child therapy in Melusi, Pretoria
(University of Pretoria, 2025-03) Jordaan, Leanne; wandile.nkosi@yahoo.com; McCleary , Wandile Octavia
Research highlights the rising importance of addressing the psychosocial wellbeing of teenagers and children in South Africa, particularly among black children, who face barriers in accessing mental health services due to resource limitations, socio-cultural views, and lack of awareness. These challenges arise from factors such as inadequate resources, socio-cultural beliefs, and a lack of awareness. This study aimed to explore and describe the perspectives of black caregivers (BCs) regarding child therapy in the Melusi area, Pretoria in Gauteng Province. It adopted an interpretivist paradigm and applied research design, employing a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach with an instrumental case study design. The study focused on BCs of children, which includes parents, guardians, and other individuals who provide care to children. Participants, aged between 20-60 years, were selected through purposive sampling, and data was collected until saturation was reached. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and thematic analysis with an inductive and semantic approach was used for data coding. Trustworthiness was ensured through principles of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Ethical considerations included obtaining ethical clearance, informed consent, debriefing of participants, promoting voluntary participation, and confidentiality. Key findings revealed that while some participants had knowledge of child therapy, some did not; additionally, none had personally made use of child therapy. Participants viewed child therapy positively as an effective way to address child abuse, other challenges that children face and for enhancing parenting skills. Participants indicated that they counsel their children themselves or seek support from their family and community during difficult times. Attitudes toward child therapy varied as younger, informed participants supported it, while older participants preferred traditional approaches. Recommendations include promoting the consideration of psychosocial services for children among BCs and encouraging community development organisations to advocate for the wider availability of psychosocial services within black communities, for training institutions to increase awareness of child therapy courses, for schools to incorporate counselling services, for the government and NGOs to run educational campaigns and increase funding for children’s mental health. Additionally, for future studies to investigate the perspectives of BCs who have either embraced or declined child therapy for their children.
Perceptions of Public Order Policing (POP) officials regarding the factors that escalate violence during protests in the Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg and Tshwane Municipal areas
(University of Pretoria, 2025-06-30) Bezuidenhout, Christiaan; tianaevert@gmail.com; Hiscox, Tiana Courteney
This study investigates the perceptions of Public Order Policing (POP) officials concerning the multifaceted factors that contribute to the escalation of violence during protests in the municipal areas of Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, and Tshwane. Utilising a qualitative research methodology, the research includes semi-structured interviews with a diverse sample of South African Police officials to uncover their insights and experiences in managing public demonstrations. Key findings indicate that the escalation of violence is often influenced by a combination of socio-economic disparities, political tensions, and the nature of protester-police interactions. Officials have reported that underlying grievances, such as unemployment, inequality, and inadequate service delivery, often act as catalysts for unrest. Additionally, the study reveals that the perception of police presence, the tactics employed by law enforcement, and the protesters’ prior experiences with authority play significant roles in shaping the dynamics of these events. This research underscores the need for a nuanced understanding of the root causes of protest violence and highlights the importance of strategic communication and community engagement in mitigating conflict. By shedding light on the perspectives of South African Police officials, this study contributes to the discourse on public order management and offers practical recommendations for improving policing strategies in protest situations. Ultimately, the aim is to foster a more peaceful and constructive dialogue between law enforcement and the communities they serve. Moreover, this research provides several recommendations to enhance understanding of how violence escalates during protests. It suggests expanding studies beyond Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, and Tshwane to other regions and contexts. This will allow for an examination of community perspectives to reveal potential differences between police officials and civilians. Investigating the effectiveness of police training, tactics, and communication – particularly regarding social media – can provide insights into protest dynamics. Analysing the legal and political frameworks governing public order policing is crucial, as is exploring the psychological impact on police officials who manage violent protests. Longitudinal studies could track the long-term effects of various policing strategies, while examining the demographics of protest participants may inform more customised approaches. Additionally, understanding the historical and cultural context of protests, especially in relation to the apartheid-era policing, can clarify current tensions. Finally, investigating the role of emerging technologies in public order policing could yield valuable insights into the dynamics of violence escalation during protests. Overall, these recommendations aim to enhance the understanding of factors influencing protest violence and improve public order management.
The experiences of social workers in referring cases to designated child protection organisations in Gauteng
(University of Pretoria, 2025-03) Chiba, Jenita; u19024135@tuks.co.za; Vermaas, Alicia
South African social workers face multiple challenges in working with children. The high rates of violence against children pose a strain on the country’s child protection system, which is already burdened with a shortage of social workers and a lack of government funding. Collaboration plays an important part in this system, and referrals ensure that vulnerable children are identified and able to access services. Social workers are mandated by the Children’s Amendment Act 41 of 2007 to refer cases to designated child protection organisations [DCPO’s] when they believe a child has been physically or sexually abused, or neglected, and may also refer any other case where they believe a child to be in need of care and protection. Once a referral has been made, DCPO’s have the responsibility to investigate the matter and ensure the child’s safety. However, DCPO’s are reported to not act sufficiently and to handle cases poorly, resulting in the system failing to protect children. This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of social workers in referring cases to DCPO’s in Gauteng. An interpretivist qualitative approach was utilised, whereby semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven registered social workers. This allowed the researcher to gain a holistic and in-depth understanding of social workers experiences in the referral process. Furthermore, an instrumental case study design was used to allow for close collaboration with participants. General Systems Theory [GST] was used as the theoretical lens that guided this study as it allowed for the different connections in the child protection system to be considered, and the system and its influences to be viewed as a whole, instead of focusing on the referral process in isolation. The study revealed that social workers had predominantly negative experiences when referring to DCPO’s. These included receiving poor feedback and communication from DCPO social workers, experiencing a lack of action when referrals are made, and having feelings of frustration and helplessness during and after the process of referring. Some positive experiences were however mentioned. Social workers felt that the referral process in and of itself was an easy and straightforward one, and that some DCPO social workers were helpful and efficient once a case had been referred to them. When a referral was unsuccessful, social workers would escalate the matter within the DCPO to the supervisor or manager and would also at times approach the children’s court for assistance. Social workers also spoke about their common reasons for making a referral, such as child abuse, when they felt the best interest of the child was not being met, and when they felt that they have reached the limits of their professional mandate. Collaboration with other parties formed an important part of the referral process, and social workers felt that by building relationships with DCPO social workers and by an increase in training and supervision within DCPO’s, the referral process could be improved. It is recommended that there be increased efforts to build relationships between social workers in DCPO’s and those in the community, and that future research evaluate the use of technology to assist with case management processes in DCPO’s. Furthermore, research and policy should be geared towards specialised training for social workers in the field of child protection, and an increase in supervision and support to those already working in DCPO’s.

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