Theses and Dissertations (Social Work and Criminology)

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Exploring black caregivers’ perspectives on child therapy in Boksburg, Gauteng: a qualitative study.
Motaung, Onica Sebueng (University of Pretoria, 2025-08-31)
Social workers play a crucial role in recommending and providing therapeutic services to children in South Africa with reference from the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, as amended. They, however, mostly rely on the courts to compel caregivers to provide consent for children to receive the therapeutic services. This is because the black caregivers are reluctant to consent to their children receiving those services. This study explored the challenges faced by black caregivers when they have to consent to therapy for children by understanding their perspectives on child therapy. The study had limited literature because limited studies are being conducted on this specific topic, and also, the previous studies related to the topic were conducted over 20 years ago. This study's problem statement is underlined by the lack of recent research on understanding the perspectives of Black caregivers on child therapy, which is a gap in the literature. The goal of this study was to explore and describe the perspectives of black caregivers on child therapy in Boksburg, Gauteng Province. The interpretivism research paradigm was employed to support the applied research project implemented through the qualitative research approach. The study adopted the case study research design, specifically the instrumental case study approach, in order to explore the perspectives of black caregivers (BC) on child therapy (CT). The study population comprised of black caregivers residing in Gauteng Province in the area of Boksburg, Ekurhuleni Municipality. Non-probability sampling approach was employed using the purposive sampling method with a final number of seven (7) participants in the study, which reached data saturation. The researcher used semi-structured face-to-face interviews with an interview schedule as the method of collecting data. Data was analysed according to reflexive thematic analysis, ensuring the quality of data by adopting the principle of trustworthiness, which entails the consideration of credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirmability of the study. Ethical considerations such as avoidance of harm, compensation, informed consent and voluntary participation, abiding by the professional body SACSSP’s values, ethics and principles, anonymity and confidentiality, and analysis and reporting were observed. The key findings were based on the research question: “What are the perspectives of black caregivers on child therapy in Boksburg, Gauteng?” Findings from the black caregivers outlined that few black caregivers had an understanding of what child therapy was and required to be briefed on the concept before they could come up with their own explanations. The findings also found that cultural beliefs are impacting and largely influencing the use of child therapy services in black communities in South Africa. Recommendations were therefore made for organisations rendering child welfare services, Private Sector organisations and Government, professionals working with children, recommendations for enhancing access to child therapy services and lastly for future research.
Systems and processes towards implementing the developmental social welfare approach in social work in Lesotho
Manyeli, Tšepang F (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-30)
Guided by the principles of the Lesotho National Social Development Policy (LNSDP), the social development approach in Lesotho is implemented through the Community Development Model (CDM) and the Lesotho National Social Protection Strategy (LNSPS). The goal of the study was to explore and describe systems and processes required for implementing the developmental social welfare approach in social work in Lesotho. The study adopted the social policy implementation theory and the social development approach as its theoretical frameworks. An applied mixed-methods research design was used to conduct the study. Parallel/concurrent mixed methods sampling techniques were used, combining quantitative probability sampling with qualitative purposive sampling. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 19 directors and managers of social welfare organisations, as well as document analysis. Quantitative data were gathered from 105 ground-level social workers through a survey administered via Qualtrics. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 24, and qualitative data were thematically analysed. Findings show that social welfare organisations in Lesotho are integrating some key themes of developmental social welfare, particularly collaboration, human rights, and participation. However, economic empowerment and structural interventions remain underdeveloped. Although there is some conceptual convergence, limited knowledge, insufficient understanding, and inadequate skills and competences impede the effective implementation of the developmental social welfare approach. The study concludes that the approach requires a broader range of professional skills, continuous professional training, and clear dissemination of policy information. Effective and efficient implementation further depends on ongoing collaboration across all levels of the policy process, coherent policy guidance, and structured coordination among diverse stakeholders at political, policy, managerial, and administrative levels. The study proposes a guideline framework containing systems and processes towards implementing the developmental social welfare approach, embedded in the social development themes and contextualised in Lesotho. To operationalise this framework, the study recommends a comprehensive review of the LNSDP, national capacity building through training initiatives, and strategies to address the practice-level challenges.
The Perspectives of black caregivers on child therapy in Khomas, Namibia
Amakali, Evelina Naitumwa Shiwoomwenyo (University of Pretoria, 2026-02-19)
This qualitative study explored the perspectives of Black caregivers on child therapy in the Khomas region of Namibia, an area where mental health services for children remain underdeveloped and underutilised. Using semi-structured interviews with seven purposefully selected caregivers, the research examined levels of understanding, access barriers, and the influence of cultural and religious values on attitudes toward therapeutic interventions. Findings revealed a limited understanding of child therapy among participants, many of whom conflated it with informal counselling or behavioural correction rather than recognising it as a structured clinical process. Access barriers included a lack of awareness of available services, and religious beliefs strongly shaped attitudes. Therapy was often viewed as foreign to African family structures, potentially undermining parental authority or inviting stigma. Traditional and spiritual remedies, consulting elders and pastors were commonly preferred, although younger caregivers showed greater openness to modern approaches. Framed within Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and social constructivism, the study illustrates how micro-level family dynamics, meso-level institutional gaps, and macro-level cultural norms intersect to influence caregivers’ reluctance toward therapy. Despite these barriers, participants recognised therapy’s potential value when delivered by trusted professionals who are culturally sensitive. iv The research highlights the urgent need for culturally congruent interventions, expanded training for child therapists, and community-driven awareness initiatives that complement traditional support systems. Addressing these gaps can enhance acceptance of child therapy and ensure more Namibian children receive timely emotional and psychological support in line with the Child Care and Protection Act of 2015.
Screen time effects on pre-adolescent children’s social interactions : caregivers’ experiences in Bela-Bela, South Africa
Mashao , Heidi Mokgadi (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-28)
Screen time effects on pre-adolescent children’s social interactions: Caregivers’ experiences in Bela-Bela, South Africa Social interaction is the central quality of human social development in pre-adolescent children, enabling them to communicate, cooperate, and establish relationships with others Since the use of digital technology has increased, screen time has become a concern due to its impact on the social interactions of preadolescent children. Screen time among children, especially pre-adolescent stage children, was less and increasing gradually, but has since increased at an alarming rate during and post COVID-19 globally, where a significant screen time impact on their social interaction manifested The study used a qualitative method with a purposive sampling technique, selecting a sample of seven caregivers of pre-adolescent children from the Bela-Bela area in Limpopo province. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview guide analysed using thematic analysis. The study aimed to explore how screen time impacts the social interactions of their children during the pre-adolescent stage and to promote healthy screen time habits and social engagement. This study revealed that most preadolescent children primarily engage with screen time for entertainment, using different types of devices, which determines their screen activities and content, which impacts their social interactions. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased screen time among children, as many turned to electronic devices for coping and learning. This study further indicates that screen time for pre-adolescents does not negatively affect their interactions with friends; instead, it is integrated into their peer interactions and play activities. Finally, the study highlighted the need for intervention strategies to promote healthy screen time and social interaction among preadolescent children, particularly from the perspective of caregivers. Keywords: Social interaction, Pre-adolescent, Screen time, Caregiver.
Experiences of school social workers when referring cases to child protection organisations in the Ekurhuleni district
Coertze, Lezelle (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-29)
School Social Workers (SSWs) play a crucial role in identifying and safeguarding children requiring care and protection by referring them to Designated Child Protection Organisations (DCPOs) for statutory intervention. Despite this essential function, SSWs experience significant challenges during the referral process. While the experiences of statutory workers are documented, there is a distinct gap in research concerning the lived experiences of SSWs during this referral process in the Ekurhuleni District (ED) of Gauteng. This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of SSWs in the ED when referring children to DCPOs, specifically identifying factors contributing to both positive and overwhelmingly negative experiences, and determining the effect of service delays and non-delivery on both the SSW and the referred child. A qualitative research approach was utilised, involving a sample of seven SSW participants. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analysed using the Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA) process. The key findings revealed that SSWs' experiences were predominantly negative and caused enormous frustration. Major challenges included confusion over the correct referral procedures, difficulties establishing communication with DCPOs, lack of feedback, and prolonged delays or complete failure by DCPOs to commence investigations or render services. These delays force children to remain in harmful environments, causing significant worry and distress for the SSWs. Seasoned SSWs have adopted coping mechanisms and utilise extensive school and community resources to support children in the interim. The study identifies a systemic need for increased resources, particularly a critical shortage of social work practitioners in schools and DCPOs, a lack of financial resources, and insufficient alternative care facilities for children, especially those with special needs. The research concludes that the lack of timely intervention by DCPOs has far-reaching consequences for the well-being of children and the professional lives of SSWs. This study highlights the urgent need for systemic reform, streamlining the referral process, and addressing the dire need for more human resources. Recommendations include mandatory training in ethics and streamlined referral procedures for all child protection systems and a systemic response, starting at the National Government level, to increase the number of practitioners and facilities. These findings are vital for policymakers, the Department of Social Development (DSD), DCPOs, and universities training social workers.
Service Providers' Contribution to Ending Hunger and Ensuring Food Security for Vulnerable Families in White City, Soweto, South Africa
Ndlela, Zandile (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-30)
South Africa is a nation with sufficient resources to combat hunger and food insecurity. The country’s Global Hunger Index is 15.1, classifying it as moderately hungry (Scherer, Wecker, Schneider, Hanano, Fitzgerald, Vaughan, Ní Chéilleachair, Mann, Weller, Radtke, Fritschel, 2025:13). Despite this, vulnerable families are grappling with the adverse effects of hunger and food insecurity, signalling a high prevalence of inequality. Hunger and food insecurity have been widely researched, but the role of service providers in ending hunger and ensuring food security for vulnerable families remains unclear (Anandi & Azis, 2024:1089; Hlongwane & Vyas-Doorgapersad, 2023:35). This study aimed to explore the contributions of service providers in ending hunger and ensuring food security for vulnerable families in White City, Soweto, South Africa. The literature review highlights the extent and causes of hunger and food insecurity, and how service providers contribute to mitigating their effects. An exploratory qualitative approach was employed, using an instrumental case study design. Purposive sampling was used to select ten participants, and data were collected through semi-structured one-on-one interviews. Reflexive Thematic Analysis was applied to analyse the data, from which the study’s findings were developed. The social development theoretical framework was employed to conceptualise and contextualise hunger and food security as well as the factors that contribute to hunger. The experiences of vulnerable families in relation to hunger and food insecurity were explored, and the interventions implemented by service providers were determined. iii The findings show that hunger and food insecurity in White City, Soweto, are multidimensional and do not only represent the basic biological absence of food. Hunger and food insecurity represent unemployment, limited access to education, and inequality faced by vulnerable families. Service providers play a key role in bridging the gap between government intervention and grassroots-level support, thereby strengthening the social development approach. Service providers address issues related to hunger and food insecurity through the provision of nutrition, psychosocial support and skills development. However, they are subject to inadequate resources and a lack of community participation. It was found that interventions that promote self-sufficiency, access to education, and improved partnerships between communities, service providers, and the government are needed to eradicate dependency and intergenerational distress. Recommendations suggest that practitioners, such as social work and social development professionals, as well as any party that has been employed to assist in the eradication of hunger and food insecurity, incorporate an interdisciplinary approach in their interventions. Policymaking should include a bottom-up process that purposefully involves both service providers and service users. It is further recommended that future research focus on the adverse impact of hunger on education, community engagement, and the long-term efficacy of policies aimed at eliminating hunger and food insecurity.
Mitigating poverty through entrepreneurship : perspectives from FREC programme participants
Dihele, Lekoma Jacob (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-13)
The multidimensional impact of poverty requires multiple strategies geared towards its mitigation. Entrepreneurship is one of the strategies that the Ford Resource and Engagement Centre (FREC) utilises to mitigate poverty. The goal of the study was to explore the FREC programme’s contribution to mitigating poverty from participants’ perspectives. The study utilised a qualitative research approach, an instrumental case study research design and an interpretivism research paradigm. The sustainable livelihoods framework served as the theoretical framework for the study. FREC programme participants who resided in Mamelodi and Nellmapius townships of Tshwane constituted the study’s population. The study utilised non-probability purposive sampling to draw a sample of seven current and former FREC programme participants residing in the Mamelodi and Nellmapius townships of Tshwane. Data collection was realised using one-on-one semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analysed using a thematic qualitative data analysis process. The findings of the study indicate that participants found entrepreneurship as a viable option for sustainable livelihoods in view of poverty mitigation. The participants joined the FREC programme while they already had their own businesses, which they were running, but registered in the FREC programme to learn how to run sustainable businesses that would help them survive and mitigate poverty. It can be concluded that entrepreneurship incubation and mentorship programmes play a key role in equipping entrepreneurs with business knowledge and skills in order to run successful business enterprises. The study recommends that private companies, such as the Ford Motor Company, should continue to support and partner with non-profit organisations (NPOs) such as Future Families to help people start or grow their businesses to reach sustainable livelihood outcomes.
Service providers’ contributions to ending hunger and ensuring food security for vulnerable communities in the Hhohho region, Eswatini
Nxumalo, Bagunini Sebenele (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-24)
Hunger and food insecurity are persistent global issues severely affecting vulnerable groups, in Eswatini. Ultimately, this social ill poses a significant impediment to achieving the sustainable development goals. The study, therefore, aimed to explore the contributions of service providers from Young Heroes Eswatini in ending hunger and ensuring food security for vulnerable communities. The service providers include professionals that hold social science , humanities, social work, consumer science, business management qualifications The research approach employed was qualitative in nature, utilising the descriptive method as it allowed the researcher to comprehensively describe hunger and food insecurity from the real life context in which the participants shared that it occurred. The research further employed the instrumental case study design as a means to understanding the phenomenon and contribute to refining it. Data was collected through one-on-one semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis method. The study's findings revealed how service providers from Young Heroes Eswatini described hunger and food insecurity within the communities they serve. The study also identified and discussed the factors contributing towards hunger and their impact on communities experiencing it. The study provided a clear description of the programmes being implemented by service providers in an effort to combat hunger. Lastly, the study also revealed the challenges faced by service providers whilst implementing and further recommended solutions to accelerate the eradication of hunger. The study has therefore concluded that hunger reduction initiatives, through income-generating activities and entrepreneurship, play a significant role in alleviating hunger and ensuring community’s ability to secure access to food. The study further revealed that non-cash start-ups are of great value, as opposed to cash funding, which can be easily misused. The non-cash up method is a business venture that was started without actual financial investment being given to the owner; rather, they are supported with the equipment and skills required to successfully run the business. The study therefore recommends that the government of Eswatini should improve irrigation and water infrastructure, diversify available funding, and increase the allocated funds. Lastly, the study also revealed that communities should take the lead in spearheading their involvement in entrepreneurial businesses available within their communities.
The experiences of social workers in Child and Youth Care Centres in Tshwane using play-based techniques to prepare children for proceedings in the Children’s Court
Van Deventer, Tilize (University of Pretoria, 2025-10-30)
Child abuse and neglect are significant issues in South Africa, often leading to children being placed in Child and Youth Care Centres (CYCCs) by the Children’s Court. Children have the right to participate in any Children’s Court proceedings that affect them, but to effectively do so, they must be prepared in a child-friendly manner by a social worker with whom they have a meaningful relationship. Residential social workers play a critical role in the support of children residing in CYCCs; however, their contributions are under-researched and subsequently potentially underestimated. This study explored and described the experiences of social workers who work in CYCCs in Tshwane regarding the use of play-based techniques to prepare children for the Children’s Court. Underpinned by an interpretivist paradigm, this qualitative study is categorised as applied research with exploratory and descriptive purposes. An instrumental case study design captured insights into the experiences of seven residential social workers through semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis. Findings indicated that residential social workers highly value their relationships with children, which underpinned their interventions. Participants’ experience of the preparation process for court proceedings was largely positive due to their strong relationship with the children at the CYCC; however, negative experiences were linked to unpredictable factors in the Children’s Court. Additionally, play-based techniques were perceived as an effective tool for court preparation. The study highlights the need for clear guidelines on techniques for Children’s Court preparation for children. Furthermore, it is recommended that the mandate of residential social workers should clearly stipulate their role in working with children, with specific reference to preparing children for court proceedings
Exploring the perceptions of social workers relating to the feasibility of implementing play-based intervention to prepare children for Children’s Court proceedings in Gauteng, South Africa
Chetty, Zoe Mattea (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-14)
The involvement of children in Children’s Court proceedings is growing. This is due to the increase in divorce and child protection related matters. Children who are required to participate in court proceedings are likely already traumatised due to past experiences. The process of participating in court may traumatise children even further as children find the court process intimidating. As such, a therapeutic framework is needed to guide social workers in effectively preparing children for court proceedings. Play-based intervention has proved to be an effective medium to reduce anxiety in children. As such, the identified knowledge gap relates to the feasibility, more specifically the internal and external factors which influence the feasibility, of using play-based interventions to prepare children for Children’s Court proceedings within the South African context. The study followed a qualitative approach, with exploratory and descriptive research purposes. Additionally, the researcher carried out semi-structured interviews and a multiple case study research design in the exploration of the perceptions of social workers surrounding the feasibility of implementing play-based interventions to prepare children for Children’s Court proceedings. A total of seven participants took part in the study. The study also provides key findings, conclusions, and recommendations for future research. Key findings and conclusions of the study show that implementing play-based intervention to prepare children for the Children’s Court would prove feasible, however, also influenced by various internal and external factors. Suggestions regarding addressing feasibility factors are also discussed within the study.
The experiences of social workers on the use of play therapy for court preparation for children who have been sexually abused in the Western Cape, South Africa
Patton, Georgia Maree (University of Pretoria, 2025-10)
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global concern that is significantly underreported, with a notable prevalence in South Africa. Children who have experienced CSA are often subjected to the intimidating and unfamiliar environment of the legal system without adequate preparation, raising concerns about the child's emotional well-being and the risk of re-traumatisation. While the need for a standardised framework for court preparation has been highlighted, there is limited research on the use of play therapy in this context, leaving social workers without clear, evidence-based guidelines. The goal of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of social workers on the use of play therapy for court preparation for children who have been sexually abused in the Western Cape, South Africa. Grounded in an interpretivist research paradigm, qualitative methodology was employed. The study utilised an exploratory and descriptive design whereby semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven social workers. Data was then analysed using Braun and Clarke’s Reflexive Thematic Analysis. The findings of the study indicate that social workers face significant challenges related to legal complexities when working on cases of CSA. The study further found that social workers unanimously agreed that play therapy is an effective, developmentally appropriate, and trauma-sensitive method for court preparation. The use of play therapy for court preparation was found to help children who experienced sexual abuse express their emotions and understand court proceedings. This, in turn, reduced fear and anxiety and mitigated negative experiences within the criminal justice system. The study highlights the urgent need for a standardised, play-based framework for court preparation in South Africa, as well as the need for increased professional training for social workers and other legal professionals on the benefits of these methods.
Exploring therapists' experiences of using play-based techniques to prepare children for children's court in Mpumalanga
Grobler, Kyla (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-30)
This qualitative study explores the experiences of therapists who use play-based techniques (PBTs) to prepare children for court proceedings in Mpumalanga. Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (EST), the study examines how systemic, cultural, and environmental factors influence the implementation and effectiveness of these therapeutic techniques. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and a review of relevant literature. The findings reveal that therapists employ a variety of play media- including role-play, storytelling, sand tray therapy, and art activities-to facilitate emotional expression, build trust, and help children understand and prepare for courtroom procedures. Despite challenges such as limited resources, insufficient specialised training for court officials, non-child-friendly court environments, cultural stigmas surrounding emotional expression, and language barriers, therapists demonstrate resilience and adaptability by developing low-cost, culturally sensitive strategies to support children. The study further finds that systemic barriers at the institutional and macro levels hinder the therapeutic process and reduce the potential benefits of PBTs within the legal system. The research highlights the need for systemic reform, enhanced training programmes, and culturally responsive policies to create supportive environments for child victims within the justice system. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of systemic support and professional development in optimising play-based approaches to uphold children's rights, promote emotional well-being, and strengthen their participation in legal proceedings.
The experiences of social workers in using play-based techniques to prepare and emotionally regulate children within the Gauteng court system
Olivier, Jessie Lynne (University of Pretoria, 2025-11-08)
Children involved in the Gauteng legal system often experience emotional distress and anxiety due to the Children’s Courts’ rigid structure, adult-centred processes, cold environment and unfamiliar language, which can negatively impact their ability to participate meaningfully. Social workers play a critical role in protecting and supporting children, yet traditional talk-based interventions are often insufficient, particularly for those who have experienced trauma or conflict. Play-based techniques (PBTs) offer emotionally accessible and developmentally appropriate ways for children to express themselves, manage overwhelming emotions and engage with legal processes. This study explored the lived experiences of social workers in Gauteng using PBTs to prepare and emotionally regulate child-clients who have been involved in the legal system. A qualitative, interpretative research design was employed, using purposive and snowball sampling to select social workers who have experienced working with clients who have been involved in the court system. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using Braun & Clarke’s (2024) Reflective Thematic Analysis. Furthermore, the study was underpinned by the Ecological Systems Perspective to understand the multi-level, practical complexities of working with child-clients in this context. The findings of the study highlight that social workers consistently perceive PBTs (such as drawing, role-play, storytelling, sensory tools and regulation strategies) as highly effective for emotional regulation, expression, rapport-building and court-readiness. Social workers’ use of PBTs is largely shaped by individual approaches, developmental appropriateness and a trusting relationship between the social worker and child. However, systemic, structural and organisational barriers, including high-caseloads, limited resources, insufficient training and adult-centred processes, significantly constrain social worker’s ability to apply PBTs consistently and purposively. Additionally, the study discusses the uneven access to training and social workers’ reliance on informal or improvised methods by some professionals. These findings underscore the need for multi-level reforms. Thus, the study concludes with recommendations for enhancing child-centred practices, including practice-level guidance for social workers, integration of PBTs into university curricula & professional development trainings, systemic, policy and structural reforms, as well as directions for future research. This may contribute to evidence-based and trauma-informed practice.
The knowledge and perceptions of social workers concerning harmful substance use and harm reduction: implications for continuing professional development
Valoyi, Xikombiso Example (University of Pretoria, 2025-10-28)
Globally and in South Africa, harmful substance use remains a social and public health issue, worsened by increasing prevalence of harmful substance use, stigma associated with substance misuse, limited resources for service delivery, and fragmented policies. Social workers are crucial in addressing harmful substance use; however, evidence indicates a gap in practice, with social workers often inadequately prepared for harm reduction over abstinence-only approaches. This study aimed to explore and describe social workers’ knowledge and perceptions of harmful substance use and harm reduction. The research, based on the harm reduction framework emphasising human rights, social justice, and pragmatism, included a scoping review guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework and PRISMA-ScR principles to explore global harm reduction inclusion in social work curricula and continuing professional development opportunities. Using a qualitative approach, implemented through an instrumental case study design with purposive sampling, thirteen social workers in Tshwane regions 1, 3, and 6 participated through face-to-face semi-structured interviews guided by an interview guide. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six-phase reflexive thematic analysis. Trustworthiness was maintained through credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability. The scoping review findings show that harm reduction benefits social workers, but it is rarely included in undergraduate social work curricula and limited CPD training opportunities. The scoping review signalled the benefits of introducing social workers to harm reduction approaches. The qualitative study found that social workers have limited harm reduction knowledge and are further influenced by residual stigma and moral dilemmas. Despite these challenges, they demonstrated a strong ethical commitment and empathy towards people who use drugs (PWUD). The impact of substance use severely impacts individuals, families, and communities. Structural barriers, such as a limited number of treatment centres and staff shortages, persist, yet social workers are eager to learn about harm reduction to support PWUD. Based on the findings, it is concluded that social workers are ambivalent towards harm reduction; the lack of education, training, and structural support impedes its integration into practice. The study recommends including substance use and harm reduction content in social work curricula and advocates for experiential learning. It also proposes a CPD framework centred on harm reduction, ethics, stigma reduction, and evidence-based interventions within the framework of the CPD policy of the South African Council for Social Service Professions. Future research should include longitudinal studies on harm reduction effects on practice and involve participatory research with PWUD to promote inclusive social work interventions.
The role of service providers in ending hunger and ensuring food security in vulnerable communities in Maseru, Lesotho
Maluleka, Puleng (University of Pretoria, 2026-02-11)
Hunger and food insecurity remain pressing challenges in Lesotho, particularly in rural areas, where vulnerable communities continue to be most affected. In 2015, the United Nations created the 2030 Agenda, a framework comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. SDG 2 specifically aims to eliminate hunger, ensure food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of service providers in ending hunger and promoting food security in rural Maseru, Lesotho. The social development theory was used as a theoretical framework, integrating economic and social policies to address poverty and promote well-being. Guided by the interpretivist paradigm, the study employed a qualitative, exploratory, and applied research approach. An instrumental case study design was used, focusing on service providers involved in hunger reduction and food security interventions. Purposive non-probability sampling was used, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with informed consent. The thematic analysis framework was used to analyse data. The study adhered to ethical principles and received clearance from the University of Pretoria (Reference: HUM022/0424). Findings revealed that service providers play a vital role in ending hunger through food distribution, skills training, farming, and partnerships with local stakeholders, including businesses, government departments and local leaders. However, limited resources, extreme weather conditions, and challenging environmental conditions make the sustainability of these efforts difficult. The study concludes that ensuring access to resources for vulnerable communities, robust government engagement in addressing hunger and empowerment of vulnerable communities is pivotal in enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of hunger reduction initiatives in Lesotho.
An exploration of the bartering used by female offenders in a South African correctional center
Requilet, Carmen (University of Pretoria, 2025-09)
This study examines the gendered dynamics of bartering within a South African female correctional centre, focusing on how women navigate deprivation through informal exchange networks. It explores the social, emotional and gendered dimensions of bartering as a coping mechanism, addressing a gap in local and international research where prison economies remain understudied. By analysing women’s experiences of bartering, the study highlights how informal trade shapes daily survival, relationships, and agency within correctional environments. This study applies an integrated theoretical framework: General Strain Theory frames bartering as a response to strain; the Deprivation Model highlights enabling structural conditions; and Social Learning Theory illustrates its normalisation through interaction. An interpretivist, qualitative approach was used, employing a collective case design at a maximum-security female correctional centre in KwaZulu-Natal. Personal interviews were conducted with female offenders (n=10) and officials (n=3). Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s Reflexive Thematic Analysis, with ethical safeguards in place. Ten themes emerged from the data. Offenders viewed bartering as an unavoidable survival currency, creating power hierarchies and extending to emotional and protective exchanges. Officials acknowledged its prevalence but perceived it as a security and rehabilitation risk, highlighting institutional contradictions. Both groups identified systemic resource scarcity as the root cause, despite differing perspectives. The findings confirm bartering is a critical survival mechanism shaped by gendered deprivation. The study advocates for gender-responsive policies, equitable resource distribution, and trauma-informed rehabilitation. Broader research across facilities is recommended to reduce reliance on informal economies and promote dignity and equity.
Determining the motivations behind maternal filicide in South Africa
Modise, Thandeka (University of Pretoria, 2025-10-10)
Child homicide in South Africa remains one of the major causes of unnatural deaths among children under the age of 18 years. Homicides of this nature often include acts of maternal filicide which refers to the deliberate killing of a child by a mother. Maternal filicide remains a poorly understood topic across societies due to limited research thus undermining its seriousness. In reality, the crime remains complex, and the lack of understanding thereof affects the development of preventative and response measures which could ultimately reduce child homicide incidents in the country. More knowledge is thus required particularly on the perpetrators’ realities and the risk factors associated with the crime. As such, the purpose of the study was to determine factors that motivate South African mothers to murder their biological children with the aim of adding to the knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon and its manifestation. To fully understand and provide a clear description of the phenomenon, the researcher made use of a qualitative research approach with an exploratory purpose. This involved the use of document analysis for the collection of data. Document analysis enabled the use of court cases and newspaper articles to get a better understanding of the lived realities of maternal filicide perpetrators in South Africa. As such, 18 maternal filicide cases were selected during the review and content analysis was used to analyse the data. Some of the most important findings of the study were that the majority of the perpetrators had very low levels of education, were single and unemployed or worked part-time during the time of the offence. The perpetrators were also motivated by a combination of factors, including depression, suicidal ideation, poverty, substance abuse, several socio-economic factors, intimate partner violence (IPV) and childhood adversities. However, suicidal ideation and poverty were cited by the majority of the offenders with poverty dominating in the poorest province of the country, namely Eastern Cape. Revenge was also identified as a motivating factor in the study which mostly came as a response to the male intimate partner’s cheating and rejection. The study highlighted the experiences of maternal filicide perpetrators in South Africa. Mothers are often exposed to multiple negative experiences which ultimately influences their decisions to kill their children. The researcher recommends further in-depth studies to inform effective intervention programmes for women experiencing IPV, poverty, and inadequate social support, as these emerged as key drivers of maternal filicide.
The development of a continuing professional development framework for newly qualified social workers in South Africa
Jordaan, Leanne Clare (University of Pretoria, 2025-08-22)
Newly qualified social workers (NQSWs) face significant demands during their transition into practice. While some countries offer support initiatives, provision in South Africa remains inconsistent. Despite strong theoretical and work-integrated education, graduates often enter challenging workplaces without sufficient support, which contributes to stress, low job satisfaction, and early exit from the profession. The study therefore proposes a continuing professional development (CPD) framework as a support initiative to improve workplace readiness, stability, and retention. The study had a dual goal. Firstly, Goal 1 aimed to identify the support and development needs of newly qualified social workers (and the opinions of supervisors) in South Africa, and Goal 2 aimed to develop a draft continuing professional development framework to address these needs. Guided by the Theory of Collaborative Advantage, which emphasises the benefits of collaboration, the study followed the first three phases of intervention research (IR). Phase 1: Problem analysis and project planning, and Phase 2: Information gathering and synthesis, involved identifying and involving the target population, analysing the problem, and collecting data. The study commenced with a scoping review of 39 studies (published between 2011 and 2023) that explored perspectives on support and development initiatives essential for enhancing NQSWs’ work readiness. As a mixed methods study, a sequential explanatory design was employed, beginning with an initial quantitative survey of 39 newly qualified South African social workers to determine their transitional support and development needs. A qualitative phase followed, which included two virtual World Café discussions with 23 participants, i.e., recent graduates and their supervisors, to gain a deeper understanding of the CPD needs of NQSWs. Data triangulation occurred during Phase 3 of IR: Design, which informed the design of a proposed CPD framework for NQSWs in South Africa. Rigour of the mixed methods study was maintained through adherence to principles of validity, trustworthiness, including pilot testing and data triangulation. In the quantitative phase, content validity was ensured through literature review and expert input, while reliability was not calculated as the questionnaire contained no scales. In the qualitative phase, trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, transferability, dependability, and auditability. Triangulated data revealed gaps in work readiness beyond formal education. Key themes included the impact of systemic and organisational constraints, the need for structured and sustained support systems, building transitional skills, recognising specialist, flex- and personal skills as central to professional development, collaborative accountability, advocating for smooth transitioning into work, and the importance of a CPD framework for NQSWs. The study confirms that the transition into the workplace is a vulnerable period for NQSWs in South Africa, hindering effective practice and exposing a gap between undergraduate education and the specialised demands of early-career work. These insights informed the design of a CPD framework that encourages stakeholders to share accountability for the continuing development of NQSWs. Key components of the framework include the rationale for a framework, objectives, principles, development components, teaching and learning formats, stakeholder roles and responsibilities, implementation, evaluation, and sustainability. Future research should prioritise completing the remaining phases of intervention research to adapt, refine, and finalise the proposed framework. These final stages will support contextual adaptation and enable the application of a customised CPD framework for NQSWs in South Africa.
Released female economic offenders' perceptions of the economic offences rehabilitation programmes presented by the Department of Correctional Services
Singh, Celine (University of Pretoria, 2025)
Globally, economic crime has increased dramatically. In South Africa, approximately 45% of women are incarcerated for economic crimes, while female offenders in general make up less than 3% of the total inmate population. Despite the number of incarcerated female economic offenders, there are few gender-specific rehabilitation programmes developed to meet their needs. The current study aims to gain a better understanding of released female economic offenders’ perception of the current economic offences rehabilitation programmes presented by the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). A qualitative research study was conducted with released adult female economic offenders from two Community Corrections Offices within the Gauteng Region. An instrumental case study design was implemented with 15 released adult female economic offenders recruited through volunteer sampling. Data was collected through personal (face-to-face) and telephonic interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis. All 15 participants were older women who received a good education, and the study comprised participants from both low- and high-income paying jobs. The majority of the participants were single mothers who had no criminal history and began offending at a later stage in their lives. Female economic offenders are not passive recipients of rehabilitation programmes presented by DCS. Rather, they are self-reflective, articulate, and aware of their needs, whereby they offer thoughtful critiques and actionable recommendations. Their lived experiences reveal that effective rehabilitation must be trauma-informed, gender- and need-specific, professionally delivered, and grounded in the realities of reintegration. The study’s objectives were met, and recommendations for future research were also provided. The researcher developed the Framework for Improved Female Economic Offenders’ Rehabilitation and Reintegration based on the participants’ responses, which can be used by DCS to improve the rehabilitation and reintegration of released female economic offenders.
Caregivers’ perspectives on the influence of psychosocial factors on their mental health in caring for children with intellectual disabilities in Eldorado Park
Ndlangamandla, Nondumiso Phumzile P (University of Pretoria, 2025-12-18)
ABSTRACT Caregiving for children with intellectual disabilities poses significant psychological, emotional, and physical challenges, often more severe than those facing caregivers caring for children without disabilities. In South Africa, the lack of standardised diagnostic tools and limited public awareness contribute to insufficient data on the prevalence of intellectual disabilities. This study explores the psychosocial factors influencing the mental health of caregivers raising children with intellectual disabilities in Eldorado Park. Guided by a constructivist research paradigm and employing a qualitative research design, the study was conducted at the Harvey Cohen Centre, an organisation offering services to children with intellectual disabilities. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with caregivers, using open-ended, exploratory questions to gain insight into their lived experiences. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory provides the theoretical framework for understanding how caregivers’ relationships within their social environments impact their mental health. The study successfully meets its objectives, which are to explore the psychosocial factors contributing to the mental health of caregivers, to identify the coping strategies they use to manage stress, to understand the sources of social support available to them and how these affect their well being, to examine the role of resilience in promoting mental health, and to provide recommendations for improving services offered to caregivers caring for children with intellectual disabilities. Eight key themes emerge from the data: understanding of intellectual disability, caregiving experiences, psychosocial impact, economic and structural challenges, cultural and religious influences, resilience and growth, and reflections and recommendations. The findings reveal that caregivers often begin their journey with confusion, emotional distress, and a lack of support. Over time, many achieve acceptance and demonstrate resilience, drawing strength from emotional commitment, religious faith, spousal and community support, and personal growth. Despite ongoing challenges such as social stigma, financial strain, and mental exhaustion, caregivers continue to display extraordinary perseverance. The study underscores the urgent need to strengthen mental health services and support systems for caregivers at multiple ecological levels. It recommends a collaborative, inclusive approach among service providers and policymakers, recognising caregivers as key stakeholders whose lived experiences and advocacy can inform programme development and systemic reform. Further research is encouraged to deepen understanding and enhance interventions that promote the mental well being of caregivers in similar contexts.

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