'n Intervensieprogram met die laerskoolkind van die alkoholis : 'n maatskaplikewerkperspektief (Afrikaans)

Abstract

AFRIKAANS: Alkoholisme is reeds vir dekades 'n problematiese aangeleentheid in die samelewing en dit is 'n verskynsel wat voortduur, ten spyte van die negatiewe impak wat dit op die alkoholis, die alkoholisgesin en die samelewing het. Alkohol word ten spyte van die verslawende effek wat dit op die mens kan hê, nie as 'n dwelmmiddel beskou nie en is vrylik beskikbaar. Drie tot ses persone word negatief beïnvloed deur 'n enkele persoon se alkoholafhanklikheid en alkoholmisbruik word as die derde grootste gesondheidsprobleem in die wêreld beskou. Daar bestaan 'n positiewe verband tussen alkoholmisbruik en motorongelukke, mishandeling en molestering van kinders, gesinsgeweld, aanrandings, huisbrake, verkragtings en moord. Die alkoholisgesin openbaar dikwels eienskappe van 'n disfunksionele gesin en die kind van die alkoholis loop 'n groot risiko om self aan alkohol verslaaf te raak en probleme ten opsigte van sy/haar maatskaplike funksionering te openbaar. Die navorsingstelling naamlik, indien die laerskoolkind van die alkoholis ondersteuning en leiding ontvang deur middel van 'n intervensieprogram in spelterapie vanuit die gestaltbenadering, behoort sy maatskaplike funksionering te verbeter. Die doel van die ondersoek was om die laerskoolkind van die alkoholis deur middel van 'n intervensieprogram in spelterapie te ondersteun en te bemagtig om die realiteite van ouerlike alkoholisme te hanteer. Sodoende kan hierdie kind in staat gestel word om 'n hoër vlak van maatskaplike funksionering as voorheen te bereik. Om hierdie doel te bereik is sowel 'n literatuurstudie as 'n empiriese ondersoek geloods. Die literatuurstudie het die navorser in staat gestel om insig in die impak van alkoholafhanklikheid op die alkoholis, die alkoholisgesin en die kind van die alkoholis te ontwikkel. Literatuur oor spelterapie en die gestaltbenadering is ook bestudeer. Die empiriese ondersoek het behels dat ses laerskoolkinders wie aan ouerlike alkoholisme blootgestel word, betrek is by 'n intervensieprogram wat uit elf individuele en vier groepsessies bestaan het. Intervensie navorsing is in die vorm van 'n kombinasie tussen kwalitatiewe- en kwantitatiewe navorsing aangewend en kwasi-eksperimentele navorsingsprosedures is benut om te bepaal tot watter mate die onafhanklike veranderlike die afhanklike veranderlike beïnvloed het. Selfontwerpte vraelyste is as meetinstrumente tydens die toepassing van die enkelstelselontwerp benut. Sodoende is die doeltreffendheid van die intervensieprogram bepaal, is die navorsingstelling bevestig en is die mate waarin die doel van die studie bereik is, bepaal. Die resultate van die studie is statisties geanaliseer en die volgende gevolgtrekkings is gemaak: <ul><li> 'n Intervensieprogram in spelterapie vanuit die gestaltbenadering is 'n sinvolle hulpverleningsmetode met die laerskoolkind van die alkoholis. Die kind kan deur middel van hierdie program holisties benader word, onvoltooidhede op sy voorgrond kan hanteer word en hy kan bemagtig word om sy gevoelens te identifiseer, te besit en dit te hanteer. Die kind kan in staat gestel word om keuses te maak, nuwe gedragspatrone aan te leer, insig in die verskynsel van alkoholisme te ontwikkel, ondersteuningsnetwerke te benut en om homself te onderhou. </li><li> Intervensie navorsing kan met sukses in maatskaplike werk benut word, aangesien daar doelgerig, prakties en wetenskaplik te werk gegaan kan word om reeds bestaande kennis oor alkoholisme uit te brei. 'n Intervensieprogram met die laerskoolkind van die alkoholis kon met sukses ontwikkel, gelmplementeer, gemeet en geevalueer word. <br></li></ul> Ten slotte word aanbevelings op grond van die bevindinge uit die navorsing op mikro-, meso- en makro-vlak gemaak. ENGLISH: Alcoholism has been for many years a problematic phenomenon in the society. It is also an ongoing occurrence in spite of the negative impact that it has on the alcoholic, the family of the alcoholic and the society. A contributing factor to alcoholism in the world is that the addictive nature of alcohol is not recognized. It is therefor not perceived as a drug and freely available. Three to six people are however negatively affected by a single person's alcohol abuse. Alcoholism is also the third most frequent health problem in the world. A positive reference between alcohol abuse and car accidents, abuse and molestation of children, family violence, assault, rape, murder, house breakage and theft is also known. The alcoholic family often display characteristics of a dysfunctional family and the child of the alcoholic is at great risk to also abuse alcohol and to experience problems with social functioning. This research was done on the following statement: The social functioning of the primary school child of the alcoholic, will improve if this child can be supported and guided through an intervention program in play therapy through the gestalt therapy approach. The aim of this study was to empower and to support the primary school child to handle the reality of parental alcoholism and to achieve a higher level of social functioning than before. The study involved both literature and empirical research in order to achieve this goal. The literature study was aimed to develop more insight in the impact of alcohol abuse on the alcoholic, the alcoholic family and the child of an alcoholic. Literature on play therapy and the gestalt therapy approach was also studied. Six children in primary school that are exposed to parental alcoholism, was involved in an intervention program during the empirical study. This intervention program consisted of eleven individual sessions and four group sessions. Intervention research was undertaken in the form of a combination off qualitative and quantitative research. Quasi-experimental research procedures were implemented to evaluate whether the independent variable was influenced by the dependent variable. Self formulated questionnaires were used through the single system design to achieve the goal of the study and to measure the effectiveness of the intervention program. The results of the study were statistically analysed and the following conclusions can be made: <ul><li> An intervention program in play therapy through the gestalt therapy approach is an effective helping method with the primary school child that is exposed to parental alcoholism. A holistic approach of the child can take place through this program and the child's homeostasis can be improved, his awareness can be increased and the unfinished business on the child's figure ground can be handled. The child can also be empowered to identify and experience his feelings, to make choices, to learn new behaviour, to gain insight in alcoholism, to use a support system and to support himself </li><li> Intervention research can be successfully used in social work. This research method can be done purposefully, practical and scientific and existing knowledge on alcoholism can be extended. An intervention program with the primary school child that is exposed to parental alcoholism can be developed, implemented, measured and evaluated through intervention research. <br></li></ul> Recommendations were made on micro-, meso- and macro-level, concluding this study.