(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Sarmah, M.; Basit, A.; Bhattacharyya, Badal; Rahman, A.; Gurusubramanian, G.; Jain, N.K.
Ovicidal, post-embryonic development and adulticidal activity of petroleum ether, acetone and methanol fractions of Xanthium strumarium (L.), Acorus calamus (L.), and Pongamia pinnata (Pierre), prepared by following sequential extraction method, against the tea red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were determined by employing direct exposure method under laboratory conditions. Responses in terms of reduction in egg hatchability, larval-nymphal mortality, adult emergence and mortality of adults varied according to solvent fractions tested, their concentration and developmental stage of the insect. All the solvent fractions of A. calamus and methanolic fraction of X. strumarium possess the property of killing eggs but no ovicidal action was noticed in P pinnata. All the plant extracts adversely affect the postembryonic development as well as adult of red spider mite. The plant extracts described herein merit further study as potential miticides for 0.coffeae control in tea ecosystem.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Hamid, F.S.; Jain, N.K.
Pakistan has a long tradition of tea drinking that has now become an integral part of the country's social life. The first tea experiments were initiated in the then West Pakistan (present Pakistan) in village Baffa (district Mansehra, NWFP) under the auspices of Pakistan Tea Board in 1958. These efforts were not followed up because tea production in the then East Pakistan (now Bagladesh) met the needs of the Nation. Subsequently, efforts to grow tea were reinitiated in 1964 at Misriot Dam near Rawalpindi but due to unfavorable soil and climatic conditions could not achieve the desired results (Annual Report PARC-1996). After the delinking of East Pakistan the entire requirement of tea is imported by Pakistan (Refer Tea imports by Pakistan, Hanif Janoo, IJTS 1 :4,2002). Pakistan is the 3rd largest importer of tea after England and Russia and the consumption is increasing day by day with the increase in population.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2006) Han, B.; Zhou, P.; Cui, L.; Fu, J.; Jain, N.K.
The volatiles in flowers of twenty-three elite tea cultivars were obtained by simultaneous distillation extraction, from which seventy-nine aromatic constituents were identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectromety. The major detected constituents found were acetophenone, linalool, I-hexanol, 2-pentanol, methyl salicylate, 4-methyl-2- hexanone, alpha-methyl-benzene methanol, cis-linaloloxide, acetic acid, Z-3-Hexen-7-01, S-2-heptanol, and hexanal. Both acetophenone and linalool were determined from every cultivar, and each volatile accounted for more than 20 % of the total. Several of the cultivars analysed contained some special constituents which were not detected from other cultivars.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2008) Jain, N.K.; Jain, N.K.
This is the first of the draft country reports prepared for compilation into the proposed book "Tea Growing Countries of the World", which will be edited by Nigel Melican, Ashok Kumar, V.S. Sharma, Wilson Ronno, ZenoApostolides, K.L. Mughogho and N.K. Jain as series Editor of ISTS books.
The British started organised tea plantations in India in 1839 with seeds brought from China. Although indigenous tea Camellia sinesis var assamica, was grown since times immemorial by the tribals in forests of Upper Assam, but its quality, was not recognized until 1839, when it was first sold at London auctions. Today India is the largest producer of tea, averaging 842 million kg or 26% of global production, grown in 129,027 holdings, 92% of which are less than 10 ha. North India contributes 3/4th of total production with 1/4th coming from South India. However, India consumes 77% of its own produce, leaving only 200 m kg for its ever-shrinking share of exports. Plate 1 shows landscapes in different regions. The decennial average of climatic parameters are graphically presentd in plates 2,3. The impact of development on changing landscape is illustrated in plates 4 and 5.
India has strong tradition of R&D in tea. Tocklai, established in 191 1, is the oldest and largest tea research institute in the world. The next, UPASl was founded in 1926, DTRC in 1976 and IHBT in 1984. Their impact on their member tea growers is quantified. Global supply of tea is 3% more than the demand, which has depressed prices by 25%. Combined with spiraling costs of production, the un-remunerative prices have thrown Indian tea industry in an unprecedented economic crisis, which would leave ugly pugmarks on the face of the organized tea industry in India . Its impact will certainly linger for a long time. This paper suggests strategies for scientific management of the crisis.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Govindarajulu, V.
To understand the success story of doubling of South Indian tea production an in-depth review of technical support and information available from UPASl Tea Research Institute has been attempted. This paper also profiles the tea producer, extension worker and details the extension strategies adopted for reaching the current yield levels. The first part of this article largely reviews these specifics while the laterpart lists the newer types of extension services, which are considered to be fast and cost effective. An integrated approach of dovetailing the existing system with that of latest techniques is advocated. However, attention must now be drawn to an adjustment in extension strategy in this era of falling prices, which requires quality product to fetch remunerative returns.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Owuor, P.O.; Kavoi, M.M.; Wachira, F.N.; Ogola, S.O.; Jain, N.K.
Although tea was introduced in Kenya in 1903, Africans (natives) were barred from growing the crop until after independence in 1963 when the legislation was repealed. Africans started growing tea under the smallholder tea growing scheme which developed very rapidly. In Kenya, the smallholder tea sector, managed by the Kenya Tea Development Agency Ltd (KTDA), own over 80% land under tea producing over 60% made tea (mt) in Kenya. The Kenya tea is grown in prime lands capable of producing over 6000 kg mt per hectare per year under good cropping weather. However, smallholder teas yield on the average less than 2000 kg mt per hectare per year due to use of inappropriate agronomic and cultural practices resulting from low adaptation and adoption of developed and recommended research technologies. For sustainable smallholder tea sector, it is necessary that tea production technologies developed through extensive research are disseminated and adopted in the tea sector. This can be achieved through an effective and knowledgeable extension service. Smallholders need to plant elite varieties with high yield and quality potentials using correct planting spacing and should prune at the correct pruning height using proper implements. Gappy tea fields need infilling soon after pruning. Fertilizer application is mandatory in tea production and use of NPK fertilizers is recommended in Kenya. KTDA should continue availing the fertilizer on credit and on time. A mechanism is needed to ensure farmers are enrolled for the fertilizer facility and obtained fertilizers are applied on tea, not competing crops. The high smallholder tea quality is partly attributed to fine plucking standard in the sector. The plucking of two leaves and a bud standard should be maintained to sustain the quality. Also effective control of weeds, pests and diseases or management systems are necessary for high and quality tea production. Factory capacity problems should be addressed so that the green leaf production does not exceed processing capacity and vice versa. There is need for good road network and vehicles to ensure that harvested leaves arrive in the factory in good condition even during rainy seasons. Sustainable green tea leaf production requires that farmers are paid adequately and on time to enable them to tend the crop. Regular reviews of green leaf payment and use of correct payment modules ensure sustaining tea production. However, smallholder tea sector is faced with challenges in rising costs of production, especially labour and energy costs. Since tea consumption world wide is not rising as fast as production, the smallholder tea sector needs to intensify tea marketing, market research and product diversification.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Vankatesh, P.; Jaiprakash, M.; Prasad, P.; Pilia, B.; Sadhale, P.P.; Sinka, V.P.; Jain, N.K.
Tea leaf contains very high level of polyphenols, mostly flavonoids, which distinguishes it from other plants. These flavonoids and their oxidative products formed during fermentation and drying, largely determine the color and taste of black tea. We studied the flavonoid content of various clones of tea and found it to correlate with chalcone synthase activity in the tea leaf. Induction of chalcone synthase (CHS) activity in the tea leaf was observed during the second flush, a period where flavonoids content of tea is highest in Assam. Expressions of enzymes viz. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), cinnamyl CoA reductase (CCR) and Peroxidase (POD) involved in the synthesis of lignin were depressed during the second flush. These observations suggest that CHS may be a key enzyme involved in catechin biogenesis in tea leaf.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Ipinmoroti, R.R.; Adeoye, G.O.; Iremiren, G.O.; Jain, N.K.
Cocoa husk, cow dung, poultry droppings, siam weed - Chromolaena odorata and tea fluff are common farm wastes in Nigeria. They were used as manures as sole and in combination with inorganic fertilizer as organominerals (OMF), compared to NPK (5:l:1) a reference fertilizer, to supply 150 kg N ha-l to potted tea seedlings in the open nursery space at Ibadan (lowland ecology) and Kusuku (highland ecology) of Nigeria. The manure based fertilizer treatments resulted in significantly (Pc0.05) higher tea dry matter yield than the reference fertilizer - NPK (5:l:l) and between 44.5 - 146 % at Ibadan (lowland ecology) and 29.9 - 233 % at Kusuku (highland ecology) than the control (without fertilizer). Tea plant nutrient uptake, residual soil nutrient and organic matter build-up were more in the organic based fertilizers treatments compared to NPK.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Bisht, V.; Negi, G.C.S.; Joshi, G.C.; Jain, N.K.
This communication outlines the influence of tea cultivation on the change in vegetation through summer, winter and rainy season in tea gardens and adjoining non-tea areas in Uttarakhand hills. A total of 184 genera (57 families) grow in summer, 263 genera (73 families) in rainy season and 21 1 genera (57 families) in winter. Weed species such as Ageratum conyzoides, Chrysanthellum americanum, Crassocephalum crepidioides and others grow abundantly in tea gardens, which are otherwise uncommon in the native flora adjoining the tea gardens. These species may invade the adjacent areas and change the composition of native flora that could lead to ecological consequences such as alteration of natural habitat, elimination of native species and a change in pollinators' populations. Some of the habitats ideal for medicinal herbs have been brought under tea cultivation. The adverse impact on insect pollination and soil fauna is emphasized due to the use of pesticides in tea gardens.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Ayoub, S.; Melzig, M.F.; Jain, N.K.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. AD is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid a-peptide as senile plaques in the brain. Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) belong to the major At3-degrading enzymes. NEP and ACE are zinc-endopeptidases enzymes acting as ectoenzymes on the outer surface of different cells. In order to test the influence of green tea extract and some of its natural components (caffeine, theophylline, theanine, epicatechin and epigallocatechin), we used the neuroblastoma cell line SK-NSH, then we studied the changes in the specific cellular NEP and ACE activity after longterm treatment with these substances. Despite the high similarity between both enzymes ACE and NEP, green tea extract and the tested substances only influenced selectively the specific NEP activity without affecting the specific ACE activity. We have also shown that dibutyryl-cA MP, fors kolin and rolipram increase the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP), which results in an induction of the specific NEP activity without any effect on the specific ACE activity. Green tea extract was also able to increase the level of intracellular CAMP in vitro. These results demonstrate that the enhancement effect of the specific NEP activity, by green tea extract and its natural products, was selective and correlated with an elevated level of CAMP.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2007) Dasgupta, R.; Jain, N.K.
Tea has been grown in Vietnam for over 2,000 years and the custom of tea drinking has been handed down from generation to generation. At the end of the 19th century the French colonial power set up the first tea plantation in order to commercialize tea in Vietnam. Large scale commercialization started in 1918 after the creation of the Union of Vietnam Tea Farming-lndustry. During the French War (1 945 -1 954), the tea market collapsed, and most tea plantations were abandoned, until 1960 to 1970, when there was a strong revival. During this period area under tea increased by 14,330 hectares. The implementation of" doi moi" ( open door policy of the government) added to the surge of revival. Between 1990 and 2003 tea production, yield and area increased at average annual rates of 7, 3.5, 3.1 percent, respectively. Despite this growth, the average yield remains relatively low at 0.95 ton made tea /hectare, compared to India at 1.8 ton & Kenya at 2.2 ton. In 2003 the tea industry, which depended on Inter-governmental trade with lraq, suffered due to the lraq war.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2008) Tu, Y.; Xia, H.; Jain, N.K.
Green tea kombucha made of sugar and single yeast was investigated for its antimicrobial activity and composition changes during fermentation. Individual and total tea polyphenols, caffeine, sucrose, reducing sugar, total sugar, pH, acetic acid and total acids, ethanol concentration, superoxide dismutase and hexokinase activities, yeast yield and antimicrobial activity were measured systematically at the intervals of 12 to 24 hours of fermentation. Results shown that a 36-hour sample had total growth inhibition on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but almost no effects on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus. In order to see the effects of the main components on the microbial growth, a mixture of tea polyphenols, a mixture of acids and ethanol were tested respectively and showed various degrees of antimicrobial activities which were much less than the activity of the 36-hour kombucha, suggesting that there was a synergy effect among the components.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2008) Alam, K.M.M.; Chowdhury, M.A.M.; Jain, N.K.
Caffeine and polyphenol status in pluckable shoots of ten clonal agrotypes (viz; TV, and BT,-BT,) of 20 years old tea plants cultured under same agro-climatic conditions at BTRISS, Odahlea, were studied on three plucking periods (viz; increasing, peak and decreasing) in a full tea year. The soil of tea plantation sites was assessed to be sandyclay-loam, acidic and infertile. Estimated caffeine and polyphenol contents ranged from 27.57-37.39 mgg-I and 11 7.89-21 1.39 mgg-I respectively in all clonal agrotypes. Maximum values for caffeine and polyphenol contents were measured on increasing and peak period respectively in each clonal agrotype. It concludes that caffeine and polyphenol contents of pluckable tea shoots of ten clonal agrotypes varied markedly with plucking periods compared to agrotypes and can be ranked superior in the order of BT, for caffeine and BT, for polyphenol contents. This study suggests the mechanism of manufacturing of high, medium and low graded tea of caffeine and polyphenol with season irrespective to agrotypes.
(International Society of Tea Science (ISTS), 2008) Anna, G.M.; Jain, N.K.
Today's world needs a super antioxidant. Researches mainly aim to find new sources of plant world polyphenols, which accessible from everyday food could influence unfavorable aging processes in human body. There are many studies providing evidence that tea bioactive compounds (Camellia sinensis L.) possess antioxidant capacity, profitably influencing human health, by degenerative diseases morbidity decrease.
The scope of present research was to answer the question if there are any correlations between polyphenol content in processed tea leaves extracts and its antiradical and antioxidant activity. Evaluations were carried on leaves differentiated by the fermentation process degree -white, green, yellow, red and black tea, with use of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing power and chelating activity evaluation methods.
