1984 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 51, 1984

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CONTENTS

*Volume 51: Number 1*

A scanning and transmission electron-microscopy study of jaagsiekte lesions	Verwoerd, DW & Payne, A-L	1

Fluctuations in the glucose level of cow's milk from normal and subclinically diseased udders	Petzer, I-M, Giesecke, WH & Durand, AM	15

Parocooperia devossi n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas, 1766)	Boomker, J & Kingsley, SA	21

Studies on Haemonchus contortus. IX. The effect of Trichostrongylus axei in Merinos on natural pasture	Reinecke, RK, De Villiers, IL & Bruckner, C	25

Studies on Haemonchus contortus. X. The effect of Trichostrongylus axei in Merinos on artificial pastures	Reinecke, RK, De Villiers, IL & Joubert, G	33

A study for the differentiation of Actinobacillus-seminis, A-Actinomycetem-comitans, Histophilus-ovis and Pasteurella-haemolytica	Swanepoel, ML	41

Electron microscopic observations on the luminal surface of teat cup liners of milking machines used under South African conditions	Giesecke, WH, Spickett, AM, Durand, AM, Van Staden, JJ & Erasmus, JA	47

Studies on Haemonchus contortus. XI. The effect of a bovine strain of Trichostrongylus axei in Merinos on natural pastures heavily infested with H. contortus	Reinecke, RK, De Villiers, IL & Joubert, G	71

Studies on Haemonchus contortus. XII. Effect of Trichostrongylus axei in Dorper lambs on natural pasture lightly infested with H. contortus	Reinecke, RK, De Villiers, IL, Lombard, MS & Scialdo-Krecek, RC	81

Research communication:

Acid production by flavivirus-infected Vero and Cer cell cultures	Barnard, BJH	89


*Volume 51: Number 2*

Furunculosis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) raised in sea water	Huchzermeyer, FW, Boomker, J, Henton, MM & Naude, TW	91

Further physiopathological features of experimental Homeria glauca (Wood and Evans) N.E.Br. poisoning in Merino sheep	Button, C & Mulders, MSG	95

Factors affecting the immunogenicity of Pasteurella haemolytica in mice	Cameron, CM, Bester, FJ & Du Toit, DJ	97

Measurements of mass, length and valve diameters from normal formalin-fixed ovine hearts	Newsholme, SJ, Van Ark, H & Howerth, EW	103

Seasonal abundance and distribution of Parafilaria bovicola ovipositional blood spots on cattle in South Africa	Nevill, EM	107

The longevity of adult Parafilaria bovicola and the persistence of their associated carcass lesions in cattle in South-Africa	Nevill, EM & Viljoen, JH	115

Pathology of a nervous disorder (pushing disease or "stootsiekte") in cattle caused by the plant Matricaria nigellifolia DC. (Asteraceae)	Newsholme, SJ, Kellerman, TS & Welman, WG	119

Parasites of South African freshwater fish. II. Redescription of the African species of the genus Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899 (Trematoda: Gorgoderinae) and the description of a new species	Boomker, JDF	129

Laboratory and field trials with two Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products for Simulium (Diptera: Nematocera) control in a small polluted river in South Africa	Car, M	141

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South-Africa. XVII. Arthropod parasites of Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli, in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld	Horak, IG, De Vos, V & De Klerk, BD	145


*Volume 51: Number 3*

The response of Vaal River drift and benthos to Simulium (Diptera: Nematocera) control using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (H-14)	Car, M & De Moor, FC	155

The helminth fauna of the digestive tracts of chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, from different localities in the Transvaal	Pettifer, HL	161

Records of the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, from the angulate tortoise, Chersina angulata, and the leopard tortoise, Geochelone pardalis	Walker, JB & Schulz, KCA	171

Seasonal prevelance of ixodid ticks on cattle in the Windhoek District of South West Africa/Namibia	Biggs, HC & Langenhoven, JW	175

Arthropod parasites of Hartmann's mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae, in South West Africa/Namibia	Horak, IG, Biggs, HC & Reinecke, RK	183

Formulation of an effective Pasteurella multocida vaccine for sheep	Cameron, CM & Bester, FJ	189

The immunization of calves against heartwater : subsequent immunity both in the absence and presence of natural tick challenge	Du Plessis, JL, Bezuidenhout, JD & Ludemann, CJF	193

Investigations into the volatility of female pheromones and the aggregation-inducing property of guanine in Argas (Persicargas) walkerae	Neitz, AWH & Gothe, R	197

Immunity against genital infection by Histophilus-ovis in rams	Jansen, BC & Hayes, M	203

Plasminogen activator activity in secretions from clinically normal, mastitic, lactating and dried-off udders of dairy cows	Kowalski, ZE, Franz, RC, Coetzee, WJC & Giesecke, WH	209

Research communication:

Demonstration of Cowdria ruminantium in Amblyomma hebraeum by fluorescent antibody techniques, light and electron microscopy	Bezuidenhout, J & Bezuidenhout, JD	213


*Volume 51: Number 4*

Methods of infesting sheep with gastro-intestinal nematodes after cryopreservation : dosing of larvae in gelatin capsules compared to dosing of larvae in water suspension	Van Wyk, JA, Gerber, HM & Alves, RMR	217

The relation of climate and topography to worm egg counts of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Eastern Cape	McCulloch, B, Kuhn, HG & Dalbock, RR	223

Serodiagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis by ELISA and immunofluorescence tests	Bigalke, RD, Janitschke, K & De Vos, AJ	239

Preparation and properties of a crude extract toxic to guinea-pigs from Pachystigma pygmaeum, a plant causing heart failure in ruminants	Verschoor, JA & Potgieter, DJJ	245

Bacteriological findings regarding the hygienic safety of poultry litter intended as an ingredient of feeds for ruminants	Ogonowski, K, Barnard, M-L & Giesecke, WH	249

The helminths of various antelope species from Natal	Horak, IG, Boomker, JDF, Keep, ME & Flamand, JRB	253

Studies on the parasites of zebras. IV. Cylicodontophorus reineckei n.sp. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli antiquorum H. Smith, 1841 and the mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie, 1898	Scialdo-Krecek, RC & Malan, FS	257

An improved Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis vaccine for sheep	Cameron, CM & Bester, FJ	263

The acquisition of immunity to Histophilus ovis by sheep in nature	Jansen, BC & Hayes, M	269

A tremorgenic mycotoxicosis of cattle caused by maize sprouts infested with Aspergillus clavatus	Coetzer, JAW, Kellerman, TS, Van der Westhuizen, GCA & Newsholme, SJ	271

Research communications:

Colostrum-derived antibodies to Cowdria ruminantium in the serum of calves and lambs	Du Plessis, JL	275

Resistance of sheep to poisoning by the plant, Matricaria nigellifolia DC	Newsholme, SJ & Kellerman, TS	277

Author index		279

Subject index		283

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 45

Seasonal prevelance of ixodid ticks on cattle in the Windhoek District of South West Africa/Namibia
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1984) Biggs, H.C.; Langenhoven, J.W.; Bigalke, R.D.
The seasonal prevalence of ixodid ticks was determined over a 2-year period by the weekly removal from at least 5 cattle of all adult ticks and the immature stages of Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus in the ears. The highest mean weekly burden was 286,6 adult ticks/cow/week in March 1979, and the lowest 6,9 adult ticks/cow/week in July 1979. Virtually no tick control is practised in this area. Rhipicephalus capensis group adults peaked in the summer from October to March/ April. Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus adults were present throughout the year, though in slightly greater numbers from November to May. Immature stages of this species in the ears showed a peak in February/March in addition to variably-timed high peaks in the first 2 winters. Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Hyalomma truncatum peaked from December to March. Very small numbers of Boophilus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus oculatus were recovered. Tick burdens of all major species differed significantly in the 2 study years.
Subject index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1984) Anonymous; Bigalke, R.D.
Author index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1984) Anonymous; Bigalke, R.D.
Resistance of sheep to poisoning by the plant, Matricaria nigellifolia DC
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Newsholme, S.J.; Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Bigalke, R.D.
The plant, Matricaria nigellifolia, was dosed to 2 sheep to reinvestigate whether or not sheep are susceptible to pushing disease ("stootsiekte"). Each sheep received a total dose of 370 g/kg of the milled, dried plant from a batch that had caused pushing disease in cattle when given at doses as low as 10 g/kg. Neither of the sheep developed clinical disease over the trial period of 60 days, and necropsies revealed no macro- or microscopical lesions. Sheep are apparently resistant to pushing disease, which supports previous findings.
Colostrum-derived antibodies to Cowdria ruminantium in the serum of calves and lambs
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Du Plessis, J.L.; Bigalke, R.D.
Antibodies to Cowdria ruminantium were detected in the serum of calves born from artificially immunized heifers, by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test, only for as long as 4 weeks after birth. Lambs born from artificially immunized ewes, however, were still serologically positive at 8-12 weeks of age. Much higher antibody titres were recorded in the sera of ewes and their lambs than in that of heifers and their calves.
A tremorgenic mycotoxicosis of cattle caused by maize sprouts infested with Aspergillus clavatus
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Van der Westhuizen, G.C.A.; Newsholme, S.J.; Bigalke, R.D.; Coetzer, Jacobus A.W.
An outbreak of disease affecting a herd of 16 dairy cattle which were fed mouldy, sprouted maize is described. Eight of the cattle were affected, 5 of which died. The clinical signs included muscular tremors, hypersensitivity, ataxia, anorexia and salivation. Aspergillus clavatus was the only fungus isolated from the sprouts. Clinical signs that were indistinguishable from those in the field outbreak were reproduced by dosing the mouldy maize sprouts to a steer and a sheep, and by dosing another sheep with maize inoculated with a pure culture of A. clavatus isolated from the mouldy maize on the farm. Light microscopical examination revealed neuronal degeneration and necrosis in the midbrain, medulla oblongata and spinal cord of all 3 of these animals. The disease is clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from the disease caused by the ingestion of sorghum beer residue, and in certain respects it is similar to toxicoses caused by the ingestion of wheat sprouts and malt sprouts infested with A. clavatus.
The acquisition of immunity to Histophilus ovis by sheep in nature
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1984) Jansen, B.C.; Hayes, Marianna; Bigalke, R.D.
It was demonstrated that skin wound infection with Histophilus ovis elicits an immune response which can protect a ram against a challenge injection of the same organism into its epididymis.
An improved Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis vaccine for sheep
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Bester, Faith J.; Bigalke, R.D.
Extensive experiments in mice confirmed that the immunogenicity of a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis vaccine could not be significantly improved with the use of various adjuvants. Immunity against C. pseudotuberculosis likewise could not be enhanced by incorporating various immunostimulants into the vaccine or by the use of live vaccines. However, a combination of aluminium hydroxide gel and saponin as adjuvant did have a beneficial effect. This vaccine was tolerated better, and a smaller dose apparently protected sheep more effectively against intralymph node challenge than the currently available alum-precipitated vaccine.
Arthropod parasites of Hartmann's mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae, in South West Africa/Namibia
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Biggs, H.C.; Reinecke, R.K.; Bigalke, R.D.; Horak, Ivan Gerard
Twelve Hartmann's mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae, were shot for arthropod parasite recovery during the period June 1980-June 1981 on a farm in the Khomas Hochland region of South West Africa/Namibia. Four species of Gasterophilus larvae, 1 species of Rhinoestrus larvae and 3 ixodid tick species were recovered. The seasonal prevalence of the Gasterophilus species larvae and of Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus was determined. Three horses examined on the same farm were infested with larvae of 2 Gasterophilus species and with the same ixodid tick species as the zebras.
Laboratory and field trials with two Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products for Simulium (Diptera: Nematocera) control in a small polluted river in South Africa
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Car, M.; Bigalke, R.D.
The effects on Simulium adersi and S. hargreavesi larvae of 2 Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products, the liquid formulation "Teknar" (Sandoz) and a powder formulation produced by the Ben Gurion University, Israel, were compared in the laboratory and in the Pienaars River. This river was heavily polluted with effluent from a nearby sewage works and contained 77 mg/l chloride. In the laboratory S. adersi and S. hargreavesi larvae showed 26; 48; 95 and 100% mortality 6 hours after a 10-minute application of 0,8; 1,6; 3,2 and 16 ppm " Teknar" in rain water. The powder formulation applied at 0,2; 1,0; 2,0 and 30 ppm resulted in a 7; 17; 35 and 100% mortality. In polluted river-water the mortality was 85 % with 16 ppm "Teknar" and 80% with 30 ppm B. thuringiensis powder. In the field trials "Teknar" at 1,6 ppm and B. thuringiensis powder at 3 ppm did not cause any larval mortality at flow rates of 3 060 l/min and 2 040 l/min, respectively. However, 24 hours after application of the powder formulation, numbers of S. hargreavesi decreased significantly (P=0,05) 20m below the application point. A further 24 hours later, after "Teknar" had been applied, the numbers of S. adersi decreased and those of Chironomidae increased significantly. There was a significant increase in S. hargreavesi 200 m downstream after treatment with "Teknar".
Parasites of South African freshwater fish. II. Redescription of the African species of the genus Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899 (Trematoda: Gorgoderinae) and the description of a new species
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Bigalke, R.D.; Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik
During 1980 a survey of the parasites of freshwater fish was conducted in the Sabie and Crocodile Rivers in the southern part of the Kruger National Park, Transvaal. A new species of Phyllodistomum, Braun, 1899, for which the name Phyllodistomum bavuri is proposed, was found in the urinary bladder of many of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), examined. The new species resembles Phyllodistomum linguale Odhner, 1902 and Phyllodistomum vanderwaali Prudhoe & Hussey, 1977, but may be differentiated from the former species in that the ovary and the vitellaria are smooth, while those of P. linguale are irregularly lobed. The ovary of P. vanderwaali is irregularly lobed while that of P. bavuri never has more than 3 indistinct lobes. In addition, P. bavuri is much larger than P. vanderwaali. P. bavuri is readily differentiated from the other 4 African species of Phyllodistomum, namely, Phyllodistomum spatula (Odhner, 1902), Phyllodistomum spatulaeforme (Odhner, 1902), Phyllodistomum ghanense Thomas, 1958 and Phyllodistomum symmetrorchis Thomas, 1958. For comparative purposes the African species are briefly redescribed and illustrated. P. bavuri occurred throughout the year and their numbers do not appear to fluctuate seasonally in the Kruger National Park.
The longevity of adult Parafilaria bovicola and the persistence of their associated carcass lesions in cattle in South-Africa
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Nevill, E.M.; Viljoen, J.H.; Bigalke, R.D.
The slaughter of naturally-infected heifers and oxen at regular intervals after the first P. bovicola ovipositional blood spots appeared revealed that no female worms with embryonated eggs could be found after 259 days, no live worms after 372 days, and no carcass lesions after 519 days. In one bull, however, blood spots and carcass lesions persisted throughout 2 seasons. With the possible exception of bulls, therefore, annual reinfection of cattle appears to be necessary for the continuation of the transmission cycle of P. bovicola.
Studies on the parasites of zebras. IV. Cylicodontophorus reineckei n.sp. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli antiquorum H. Smith, 1841 and the mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie, 1898
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Scialdo-Krecek, Rosina C.; Malan, F.S.; Bigalke, R.D.
A new species of nematode, Cylicodontophorus reineckei, was collected from Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli antiquorum H. Smith, 1841, in both the Etosha National and Kruger National Parks and from mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie, 1898, in the Namib Naukluft Park in South West Afrfca/Namibia. These nematodes have an external leaf-crown with longer elements than those of the internal leaf-crown and a well-developed dorsal gutter. The very well-developed oesophageal funnel is both wider and deeper than the buccal capsule.
The helminths of various antelope species from Natal
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Keep, M.E.; Flamand, J.R.B.; Bigalke, R.D.; Horak, Ivan Gerard; Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik
Helminth parasites were collected from 2 bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus, 2 red duiker, Cephalophus natalensis, 1 oribi, Ourebia ourebi, and 4 reedbuck, Redunca arundinum, that died or were culled in various parts of Natal. One trematode genus, 1 cestode genus and 12 nematode species were recovered. Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia harrisi, Trichostrongylus capricola, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Cooperia rotundispiculum and Setaria scalprum are new parasite records for the red duiker. Trichostrongylus colubriformis is a new parasite record for the oribi and Longistrongylus schrenki, Trichostrongylus falculatus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Dictyocaulus viviparus are recorded from the reedbuck for the first time. An unidentified paramphistome was also recovered from the reedbuck.
Demonstration of Cowdria ruminantium in Amblyomma hebraeum by fluorescent antibody techniques, light and electron microscopy
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Bezuidenhout, J. Durr; Bigalke, R.D.; Bezuidenhout, J.
Positive identification of Cowdria ruminantium in Amblyomma hebraeum was obtained by direct and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques, and by light and electron microscopy. Colonies of organisms could only be demonstrated with certainty in the epithelial cells and lumen of the alimentary tract of ticks.
Plasminogen activator activity in secretions from clinically normal, mastitic, lactating and dried-off udders of dairy cows
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Kowalski, Z.E.; Franz, R.C.; Coetzee, W.J.C.; Giesecke, W.H.; Bigalke, R.D.
Using the composite fibrin plates method, plasminogen activator (PA) activity was found in secretions from clinically normal, mastitic, lactating and dried-off udders of dairy cows. The possible involvement of the fibrinolytic system in the physiology and pathology of the bovine mammary gland is discussed.
The immunization of calves against heartwater : subsequent immunity both in the absence and presence of natural tick challenge
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Du Plessis, J.L.; Bezuidenhout, J. Durr; Ludemann, C.J.F.; Bigalke, R.D.
Cattle, vaccinated as calves with Cowdria ruminantium-infected tick stabilate, were challenged 6, 12 and 24 months later. In the absence of tick challenge, vaccination of calves induced a partial immunity against subsequent challenge at 12 and 24 months. In animals exposed to ticks, the resistance was no better than that of control, unvaccinated cattle. When they were challenged at 6 months of age there was no difference between vaccinated and unvaccinated calves, either in the absence or presence of tick challenge, and all the animals manifested a high degree of natural resistance. This study therefore suggests that the value of vaccinating Afrikander-cross calves in heartwater endemic areas should be further investigated. The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test proved to be a valuable means of monitoring the serological response of vaccinated animals and detecting the sero-conversion of animals exposed to tick infection. On one hand, there was good correlation between the febrile reaction and the results of the IFA test on the sera of vaccinated and control cattle challenged with the heartwater agent, in that all sero-positive animals were resistant to challenge. On the other hand, though, a considerable percentage of the animals that were serologically negative were also resistant to challenge.
Formulation of an effective Pasteurella multocida vaccine for sheep
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Bester, Faith J.; Bigalke, R.D.
An effective vaccine for the immunization of sheep against Pasteurella multocida infection was prepared from P. multocida Strain D4 (Type D) and a selected strain of P. multocida Type A. Provided an adequate concentration of bacteria was used, the vaccine thus formulated induced antibodies in sheep that protected mice not only against the vaccine strains but also against infection by a number of heterologous Type A and Type D strains as well as untypable strains. A locally prepared A1(OH)₃ gel was found to be an effective adjuvant.
Immunity against genital infection by Histophilus-ovis in rams
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Jansen, B.C.; Hayes, Marianna; Bigalke, R.D.
Rams have been immunized against an infection of their genitalia by Histaphilus avis. An alum-precipitated antigen and an antigen plus Freund's complete adjuvant proved equally effective. An injection of live H. ovis into the epididymal tissue proved to be a better method of challenging immunity than an injection into the vas deferens. It was shown that cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by tests for lymphocyte transformation, the presence of a macrophage migration inhibition factor and a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction did not play a role in the resistance, nor did specific IgG antibodies have any protective influence. It was shown that neutrophils play a cardinal role in the immunity against H. ovis infection in so far as they phagocytize and destroy the organisms and are attracted to them by chemotaxis in immune animals.
Bacteriological findings regarding the hygienic safety of poultry litter intended as an ingredient of feeds for ruminants
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1984) Ogonowski, K.; Barnard, Marie-Luise; Giesecke, W.H.; Bigalke, R.D.
An investigation of poultry litter intended for use in farm feeds showed that 0,37 %, 0,49 %, 0,25 %and 12,3 % of the 813 samples tested were contaminated with Clostridium spp., haemolytic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and 21 different species of Salmonella. The findings clearly underline the hygienically dangerous nature of crude poultry litter. The practical implications of the results are briefly discussed, particularly in view of current regulations.

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