1943 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Volume 18, 1943

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

Volume 18: Numbers 1 & 2

Section I: Parasitology

A simple insect cage-olfactometer	Hepburn, GA	7

Sheep blowfly research. I. A survey of maggot collections from live sheep and a note on the trapping of blowflies	Hepburn, GA	13

Sheep blowfly research. II. Suint investigations	Nolte, MCA	19

Sheep blowfly research. III. Studies on the olfactory reactions of sheep blowflies	Hepburn, GA & Nolte, MCA	27

Sheep blowfly research. IV. Field tests with chemically treated carcasses	Hepburn, GA & Nolte, MCA	49

Sheep blowfly research. V. Carcasses as sources of blowflies	Hepburn, GA	59

Sheep blowfly research. VI. The treatment of myiasis	Monnig, HO	73

Ticks in the South African Zoological Survey collection. Part II	Theiler, G	85

Section II: Physiology

Studies on the alimentary tract of merino sheep in South Africa. VII. Fermentation in the forestomachs of sheep	Quin, JI	91

Studies on the alimentary tract of merino sheep in South Africa. VIII. The pathogenesis of acute tympanites (bloat)	Quin, JI	113

Studies on the alimentary tract of merino sheep in South Africa. IX. The H-ion concentration in the forestomachs of fistula sheep under different experimental conditions	Myburgh, SJ & Quin, JI	119

Studies on the alimentary tract of merino sheep in South Africa. X. Notes on the digestion of some sugars in the rumen of sheep	McAnally, RA	131

Section III: Sex Physiology

The effects of diethyl-stilboestrol and pregnant mare serum on the oestrous cycle of merino ewes	Quin, JI & Van der Wath, JG	139

Section IV: Nutrition

Depletion of substantial vitamin A-reserves in growing rats	Myburgh, SJ	149

Feeding vitaminized peanut butter to rats to confirm chemical assays of vitamin A	Myburgh, SJ	157

The influence of varying maize supplements on the digestibility of the cellulose in a poor veld hay in relation to the bacterial population of the rumen of sheep with a note on the nitrogen metabolism	Louw, JG & Van der Wath, JG	177

Grass hay as a maintenance ration for sheep during winter	Louw, JG	191

Section V: Pharmacology and Toxicology

Lantanin, the active principle of Lantana camara L. Part 1. Isolation and preliminary results on the determination of its constitution	Louw, PGJ	197

The isolation of the toxic principle "potassium cymonate" from "Gifblaar" Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook) Engl	Marais, JSC	203

Recent investigations into the toxicity of plants, etc. XIII	Van der Walt, SJ & Steyn, DG	207

Section VI: Pathology

Paresis in pigs in relation to nutritional deficiencies	Kellermann, JH, Schulz, KCA & Thomas, AD	225

Domsiekte or pregnancy disease in sheep. III	Clark, R, Groenewald, JW & Malan, JR	263

Domsiekte or pregnancy disease in sheep. IV. The effect of obesity on the reaction of sheep to a sudden reduction in diet	Clark, R	279

Pigment metabolism. I. The examination of the urine and blood of dogs for bilirubin and haemoglobin	Roets, GCS	289

Pigment metabolism. II. Determinations of bilirubin and carotinoids in the plasma and of coproporphyrin in the urine and faeces of cattle experimentally infected with Theileria parva	Roets, GCS	297

Genetics in the diagnosis of bovine congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth)	Fourie, PJJ	305

Section VII: Chemical Blood Studies

Chemical blood studies. IX. The fractional determination of the acetone bodies in blood and urine of sheep suffering from domsiekte	Malan, JR	311

Section VIII: Wool Research

The recovery of potassium carbonate from wool scouring liquor and the conversion of the recovered potassium carbonate to commercial potassium sulphate, using naturally occurring gypsum as sulphate source	Van der Merwe, PK	321

Section IX: Solar Radiation Survey

Some aspects of solar radiation in its relation to cattle in South Africa and Europe	Riemerschmid, G	327

Section X: Statistics

Curve fitting by the orthogonal polynomials of least squares	Van der Reyden, D	355

Author index		405

Subject index		407

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 32

Author index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
Curve fitting by the orthogonal polynomials of least squares
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Van der Reyden, D.; Du Toit, P.J.
The systems of orthogonal polynomials mainly used in practice are derived from a common general formula, which is established by the principle of least squares, utilizing results from the Finite Calculus. A simplified method of utilizing the Aitken-Chebyshev polynomials, by means of an extensive set of appended standard tables, is presented.
Some aspects of solar radiation in its relation to cattle in South Africa and Europe
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Riemerschmid, G.; Du Toit, P.J.
Two aspects of solar radiation in its relation to cattle in South Africa and Europe are considered. The first is the solar radiation itself and the factors influencing its intensity and total amount incident on a horizontal surface at various places. The second is the question of how much radiation is absorbed by the body surface of cattle in South Africa and Europe. A comparison of solar radiation in South Africa and Europe shows the following facts: 1. The angle of incidence of the solar rays is distinctly larger in South Africa than in Europe. 2. The midday intensities in Davos (Switzerland) are on an average nearly equal to those at Johannesburg (South Africa); at Kew (England) they are on an average lower than at Durban (S.A.). 3. The days are shorter in South Africa during summer, but longer during winter. 4. The number of hours with bright sunshine is much greater in South Africa during the whole year, particularly during winter. 5. The monthly total, amount of sun and sky radiation is equal or slightly greater in summer; it is, however, markedly greater during winter in South Africa than in Europe. 6. The yearly total amount of incident radiation is 187 Kilogram Calories per square centimetre at the South African Inland Stations as compared with 103 Cals. / sq. cm. on the lowlands of central Europe. In Part II the total absorption of radiation from the sun, the sky, and that reflected from the ground on to the body surface of cattle under South African and European conditions is calculated. The discussion is limited to a few clearly defined examples. Figures of the amount of solar and sky radiation impinging on to the animal during a clear mid-summer and a clear mid-winter day are given, the animal either standing at right angles to the solar beam or facing the sun. The absorption of the incoming radiation is determined by reflection measurements on two brown bovine hides of different breeds (Sussex x Afrikaner and high grade Afrikaner) and figures of the absorption of direct solar and sky radiation and the absorption of radiation reflected from the ground are presented. From these data the total amount of radiation absorbed by the body surface of cattle is calculated. This amount is found to be strikingly high, e.g., more than 20,000 Kilogram Calories during a clear mid-summer day, regardless whether the animal is exposed on the high veld of South Africa, in the alpine region of Switzerland or on the lowlands of central Europe. A comparison of the total amount of radiation absorbed by the hairy coat and the heat produced by metabolism shows that cattle absorb nearly three times as much heat from radiation as they produce by metabolism during an equal period. The means of losing heat in order to keep their body temperature within safe limits are discussed from a physical point of view. With regard to a possible reduction of the amount of heat which has to be eliminated from the body, the effect of shade on the amount of incident radiation is. discussed. Figures of the reduction of the incoming solar radiation by natural and artificial shade are given which show that the amount of heat absorbed by the hairy coat of cattle can, by providing shade, be reduced to 30-40 per cent. of the amount which impinges on to the animal in the open veld.
The recovery of potassium carbonate from wool scouring liquor and the conversion of the recovered potassium carbonate to commercial potassium sulphate, using naturally occurring gypsum as sulphate source
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Van der Merwe, P.K.; Du Toit, P.J.
In studying ways and means of converting, on a commercial basis, an alkali carbonate such as potassium carbonate to the corresponding alkali sulphate, one should bear in mind that the success of the conversion should be studied from the viewpoint of the efficiency of the cation exchange and not in terms of total potassium. The presence of potassium should be regarded as being merely incidental. Furthermore it has been found in the present study, contrary to analytical figures for wool suint from other parts of the world, that South African scouring liquors contain sulphate. In all probability the sulphate is contained in the scouring liquor as potassium sulphate. If potassium sulphate is not normally excreted through the skin of the sheep its presence in wool suint will naturally range from mere traces to considerable quantities.
Sheep blowfly research. IV. Field tests with chemically treated carcasses
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Hepburn, G.A.; Nolte, M.C.A.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The pH of opened carcasses could not be controlled satisfactorily by dusting chemicals on them; but it is also very unlikely that better results will be obtained by the use of solutions of chemicals instead of powders. 2. In view of the above finding is was not found possible to maintain the pH of carcasses at a stage attractive to flies. 3. The attractiveness of carcasses and meat baits appears to depend on a number of factors, and also on the nature of any added chemical. The pH-level alone does not appear a sufficient criterion for attractiveness.
Subject index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
Chemical blood studies. IX. The fractional determination of the acetone bodies in blood and urine of sheep suffering from domsiekte
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Malan, J.R.; Du Toit, P.J.
Methods for the determination of the acetone bodies in both blood and urine in sheep suffering from Domsiekte are given. The preliminary treatment with basic lead acetate and ammonia, has been found to be of no advantage in this disease and has been omitted.
Genetics in the diagnosis of bovine congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth)
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Fourie, P.J.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
A Shorthorn bull 7597 remotely related to a porphyrin carrier (Dr) bull (7015) and showing skin lesions of photosensitization from calfhood, was bred to two cows suffering from congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth). Both calves born out of this mating are clinically normal. The bull died from heartwater or haemoglobinuria induced by Uleron treatment for heartwater. Histologically no undoubted evidence of porphyria was recognised. Chemically no porphyrins were found in the bones and no uroporphyrin in the urine. The teeth are not discoloured. This chemical and histological evidence tends to confirm the genetical evidence that this animal is not a porphyrin sufferer, or, if it is, it must be a very unusual and atypical case of porphyria.
Pigment metabolism. II. Determinations of bilirubin and carotinoids in the plasma and of coproporphyrin in the urine and faeces of cattle experimentally infected with Theileria parva
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Roets, G.C.S.; Du Toit, P.J.
The investigations on Theileria parva infection of cattle revealed : (1) That bilirubinaemia did occur, the highest figure for plasma bilirubin being 12 v. d. Bergh units. (2) That the yellow staining of the fat is due to the combined effect of carotinoids and bilirubin. (3) That the intensity of the yellow colour of the plasma is in part due to carotinoids, a normal constituent of the blood of cattle, especially if they be fed on food containing carotinoids. (4) That there is a definite rise in the concentration of coproporphyrin in the faeces and urine. Such a rise, however, does not necessarily mean that there is an increase in the total amount excreted as the rise may be due to the decrease in the amount of faeces passed as a result of the disease.
Pigment metabolism. I. The examination of the urine and blood of dogs for bilirubin and haemoglobin
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Roets, G.C.S.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. In all the cases of bilirubinaemia examined, whether the animals suffered from canine piroplasmosis or hepatic disturbances abnormal amounts of bilirubin were excreted in the urines. 2. Haemoglobin was frequently present in the urine of dogs suffering from piroplasmosis. The highest concentration of haemoglobin found was 799 mg. per 100 c.c. urine. No haemoglobin could be detected in the urines of dogs suffering from hepatic disturbances. 3. The plasma bilirubin of the piroplasmosis cases gave an indirect v. d. Bergh reaction whereas that of the hepatic disturbance cases gave the direct reaction with the v. d. Bergh reagent. The highest plasma bilirubin figure obtained was 53 v. d. Bergh units in a case of canine piroplasmosis. 4. In the piroplasmosis cases an increase in bilirubin was accompanied by a decrease in haemoglobin in the blood, whereas in the hepatic disturbance cases there was no decrease of the blood haemoglobin, the bilirubin in the plasma being due to retention and not to haemolysis.
Domsiekte or pregnancy disease in sheep. IV. The effect of obesity on the reaction of sheep to a sudden reduction in diet
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Clark, R.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Obesity is a potent factor in the causation of "pregnancy disease" or domsiekte. 2. In the absence of fatal acetonaemia, prolonged semi-starvation of sheep causes a gradual decrease in the circulating lymphocytes without affecting the neutrophiles.
Domsiekte or pregnancy disease in sheep. III
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Clark, R.; Groenewald, J.W.; Malan, J.R.; Du Toit, P.J.
(1) It has been confirmed that a sudden and drastic reduction in diet of fat ewes in the fourth month of pregnancy causes typical domsiekte or pregnancy disease. The condition was evinced clinically, chemically and pathologically. (2) Similar treatment of fat, non-pregnant ewes caused the same changes in blood chemistry as seen in pregnancy disease in some, and post-mortem findings typical of the disease in others. No clinical symptoms were observed in non-pregnant ewes. (3) In the non-pregnant group no correlation could be found between chemical changes, post-mortem findings and clinical symptoms. (4) The non-pregnant ewes survived for a very much longer period than the pregnant ewes. (5) A hitherto undescribed pathological finding, namely hypertrophy of the retico-endothelial system of the lymph nodes is recorded. (6) Indications are given that the use of alkaline dosing has no effect on the formation of acetonaemia. (7) Treatment by means of rapidly active purgatives and sugars is indicated.
Paresis in pigs in relation to nutritional deficiencies
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Kellermann, J.H.; Schulz, K.C.A.; Thomas, A.D.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. A form of paralysis or paresis prevalent in some parts of the Union in young pigs is described. There was evidence already that it was due to a deficient diet. 2. Experiments were carried out to establish the cause of this disease more definitely by feeding to young pigs rations low in vitamin A, in calcium or both. 3. The pigs deficient in vitamin A developed symptoms which in the earlier stages at any rate correspond with those seen in the natural disease. An account of the symptoms and pathological changes noted in this artificial avitaminosis is given. 4. The pigs on a combined vitamin A and Ca deficient diet developed such a softening of the skeleton that within 80 days three out of four fractured their spine and had to be destroyed. Other pigs started on the same ration when somewhat older, and which presumably, therefore, had a greater calcium (+ vitamin A) reserve in their body, did not develop such extreme lesions. 5. Gilts on a vitamin A deficient diet showed irregularity in the oestrous cycle. Oestrus occurred more frequently and persisted for abnormally long periods. 6. A ration of equal parts by weight of skim milk and white maize is physiologically complete for growth in pigs except that it is low in calcium and in vitamin A. The incorporation of 2 per cent. bonemeal and 10 per cent. lucerne meal in such a diet or the substitution of yellow maize and bone meal for white maize resulted in normal growth and good health in pigs. Where green feed or other cheap sources of vitamin A are not available in adequate quantities, such a supplementation should prevent all tendency to paralysis and poor growth. 7. Cod liver oil administered to animals even in advanced stages of the deficiency effected rapid and striking improvement in health. Some of the lesions, however, could not be cured completely, e.g., bad cases of scoliosis and blindness.
Recent investigations into the toxicity of plants, etc. XIII
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Van der Walt, S.J.; Steyn, D.G.; Du Toit, P.J.
Of the twenty-two plants investigated, six were, for the first time, proved to be toxic, namely Boscia foetida Schinz., Cadaba juncea (Linn.) B. & H., Othonna cluytifolia O.K., Drimia alta R. A. Dyer, Scilla natalensis Planch, and Jasminium angulare Vahl. The results obtained from experiments with Berkheyopsis echinus (Less) O. Hoffm. and B. bechuanensis S. Moore, Glircida maculata H.B.K. and Datura arborea L. are not considered to be conclusive. The pupae of Acanthopsyche junodi Heyl were found to be non-toxic whereas the larvae of Laphygma exempta Walker proved to be poisonous. Waste porridge from compounds was proved to be the etiological agent in an outbreak of poisoning in cattle.
The isolation of the toxic principle "potassium cymonate" from "Gifblaar" Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook) Engl
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
A method for the isolation of potassium cymonate, the toxic principle of Dichapetalum cymosum has been described. The M.L.D. of potassium cymonate for the rabbit is 0.5 to 0.75 mgm. per kilogram bodyweight.
Lantanin, the active principle of Lantana camara L. Part 1. Isolation and preliminary results on the determination of its constitution
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Louw, P.G.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The photosensitising constituent of Lantana camara L. has been isolated and named Lantanin. The empyrical formula is C₃₁H₄₄O₅. 2. The functions of the five oxygen atoms have been determined, viz., a lactone group, a keto group and two hydroxy groups.
Grass hay as a maintenance ration for sheep during winter
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Louw, J.G.; Du Toit, P.J.
Constant live-weight has been used as criterion in measuring the maintenance requirement of adult sheep during winter. It has been found that an animal weighing 100 lb. requires 2.106 lb. of a grass hay, containing 1622 Calories of metabolizable energy, to maintain its weight at an approximately constant level.
The influence of varying maize supplements on the digestibility of the cellulose in a poor veld hay in relation to the bacterial population of the rumen of sheep with a note on the nitrogen metabolism
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Louw, J.G.; Van der Wath, J.G.; Du Toit, P.J.
From the results of a series of metabolism studies on sheep with open rumen fistulae in which a basal ration of winter grazing was supplemented with meatmeal and increasing amounts of crushed maize it was found that: (1) Small amounts of meatmeal and supplements of maize ranging from 50 grams to approximately 150 grams per day favoured the growth of the rumen organisms. Heavier supplements of maize, on the other hand, tended to reduce the number of organisms in the rumen. (2) The increase in the bacterial count did not improve the digestibility of the cellulose in the winter grazing. A progressive depression in its digestibility with increasing supplements of maize was, however, observed. (3) The rectification of the existing protein deficiency in winter grazing with a minimum quantity of protein is futile unless its energy deficiency is simultaneously satisfied.
Feeding vitaminized peanut butter to rats to confirm chemical assays of vitamin A
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Myburgh, S.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
Positive results were obtained when vitaminized peanut butter was fed in small doses of 4.2 and 8.4 I.U's. of vitamin A per rat daily. Body weight increases served as criteria. For the same peanut butter, on chemical tests an average value of 69 I.U's. of vitamin A per gram was found at the initial stages of the biological tests. The doses were calculated on the chemical findings and on this basis doses of 2.1 I.U's were too small, whilst doses of 4.2 I.U. were adequate; and doses of 8.4 also allowed a small storage in the liver within 21 days of feeding. The above findings support the views of Goss and Guilbert (1939) who advocated a minimum level of vitamin daily of 18-22 I.U. per Kgm. weight in rats, which, calculated on the average weight of the rats in this experiment is equivalent to 2.5-3.9 I.U. vitamin A per dose per rat daily.
Depletion of substantial vitamin A-reserves in growing rats
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1943) Myburgh, S.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Rats of 5-6 weeks of age with a vitamin A-reserve of about 1,200 I.U., when fed a vitamin A deficient ration depleted their reserves in the livers in 24 weeks’ time. 2. Characteristic symptoms were observed in the rats of the same ages after the 26th week when fed the same vitamin A-deficient ration; these are described in detail. The rats when given curative treatment by dosing vitamin A responded very readily and regained normal vitality and appetite. Body weight increases were recorded.

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