Research Articles (Paediatrics and Child Health)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/2453

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 579

Predicting total body water in infants aged 0.5–24 months and the implications for measuring breast milk intake : a secondary analysis of isotope dilution data
(Elsevier, 2025-09) De Sévaux, Marieke A.J.; Kaestel, Pernille; Haisma, Hinke H.; Da Costa, Teresa Hm; Vázquez-Vázquez, Adriana Del Pilar; Thomas, Tinku S.; Biesma, Regien G.; Kuriyan, Rebecca R.; Munthali, Grace K.; Diana, Aly; Santos, Ina S.; Hills, Andrew P.; Wickramasinghe, V. Pujitha; Ariff, Shabina; Lucas, M, Nishani; Costa, Caroline S.; Norris, Shane A.; Jain, Vandana; Mulol, Helen; Feucht, Ute; Thorisdottir, Birna; Thorsdottir, Inga; Davies, Peter S.W.; Loechl, Cornelia U.; Wells, Jonathan C.K.
Please read abstract in the article.
Neonatal encephalopathy due to suspected hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
(Springer, 2025) Horn, Alan Richard; Pillay, Shakti; Velaphi, Sithembiso Christopher; Ballot, Daynia Elizabeth; Mellet, Juanita; Foden, Caroline; Van Rensburg, Jeanne; Babbo, Carina Corte-Real; Kali, Gugulabatembunahlubi Tenjiwe Jabulile; Coetzee, Melantha; Masemola, Mogomane Yvonne Khomotso; Nakwa, Firdose Lambey; Pepper, Michael Sean; michael.pepper@up.ac.za
No abstract available.
Consensus recommendations for the nutritional management of children with cancer in limited resource settings : a report from the International Initiative for Pediatrics and Nutrition
(Frontiers Media, 2025-06) Viani, Karina; Alves, Jullyana; Damasco-Avila, Erika; Murra, Mariana S.; Schoeman, Judy; Walters, Michelle; Ladas, Elena J.
INTRODUCTION : Malnutrition (under- and over-nutrition) is a critical challenge in pediatric oncology, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where supportive care resources are scarce. It negatively impacts treatment toxicity, survival rates, and quality of life. Despite the availability of broad guidelines, there is a lack of practical, context-adapted protocols for nutritional assessment and intervention in LMIC. The International Initiative for Pediatrics and Nutrition (IIPAN) developed adapted consensus-based protocols to address this gap. METHODS : A multidisciplinary panel of experts in pediatric oncology and nutrition from high-income and LMIC settings collaborated to develop adapted nutrition assessment and intervention manuals. The process involved literature reviews, iterative expert consultations, field testing in LMIC hospitals, and subsequent revisions based on real-world application feedback. Training programs were designed to ensure implementation, including in person and virtual mentorship. RESULTS : Two comprehensive manuals and one complementary material were developed: (1) Nutritional Assessment: A Training Manual in Anthropometry, (2) Nutritional Intervention: A Training Manual for Pediatric Oncology, and (3) Appendix for Nutritional Intervention. These resources provide structured detailed guidance on nutrition assessment, interventions, and the management of nutrition-related complications. Their scalability and accessibility are crucial for optimizing nutritional management and improving clinical outcomes in limited resource settings. CONCLUSION : These evidence-based, expert-designed adapted protocols address critical gaps in nutritional care for children with cancer in LMIC.
Nutritional status, body composition and chemotherapy dosing in children and young people with cancer : a systematic review by the SIOP nutrition network
(Springer Nature, 2025-08) Lovell, Amy L.; Makamo, Nthongase; Veal, Gareth J.; Bernhardt, Melanie B.; Barr, Ronald; Gala, Rajul M.; Gordon, Erin; Ladas, Elena J.; Prasad, Maya; Rogers, Paul C.; Schoeman, Judy; Slone, Jeremy S.; Viani, Karina; Tissing, Wim J.E.; Huibers, Minke H.W.
Malnutrition (undernutrition or overweight/obesity) might significantly impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antineoplastic drugs in children and adolescents (<21 years). A comprehensive systematic literature search was performed on MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane Trials, and Cochrane Reviews. Databases were searched up to 30 September 2024. Of 4186 articles identified, 150 full texts were evaluated and 12 selected for inclusion. Eight additional articles were identified following a panel review and 6 included, resulting in a total of 18 articles for data extraction. Relevant pharmacokinetic parameters were described for mercaptopurine, vincristine, anthracyclines, methotrexate, busulfan, bevacizumab, and crizotinib. Due to the heterogeneity and limited number of studies per antineoplastic drug, formal statistical analysis or meta-analysis was not appropriate. Variations in the definition of nutritional status, dosing strategies, and type of pharmacokinetic analyses were observed; therefore, no dosing recommendations could be made. With the increasing childhood cancer burden in LMIC, high prevalence of undernutrition, and the global burden of childhood obesity, there is an urgent need for more research in this area. Prospective studies should incorporate uniform definitions and standardised pharmacological approaches to optimise treatment options for children with cancer globally.
Prevalence of chronic and acute malnutrition and association with overall three-year survival in newly diagnosed children with cancer in South Africa
(Wiley, 2025-08) Schoeman, Judy; Kellerman, Ilde-Marié; Ndlovu, Sandile; Ladas, Elena J.; Rogers, Paul C.; Naidu, Gita; Rowe, Biance; Du Plessis, Jan; Herholdt, Mariechen; Thomas, Karla; Vanemmenes, Barry; Mathews, Rema; Uys, Ronelle; Büchner, Ané; Omar, Fareed E.; Reynders, David T.; Kruger, Mariana
INTRODUCTION : This study investigated the prevalence of malnutrition at childhood cancer diagnosis in South Africa and the association with 1-year post-diagnosis overall survival (OS). METHOD : Nutritional status was prospectively assessed for newly diagnosed children with cancer. Chronic undernutrition was defined as two standard deviations (SDs) or more below zero for height/length-for-age (HAZ), and acute as underweight (weight-for-age [WAZ], and wasted as body mass index for age [BAZ] and mid-upper arm circumference for age [MUAC/A]). The association between the nutritional status at diagnosis and age, sex, disease group and 1-year post-diagnosis OS was analysed with Cox regression and hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS : Less than 15% were chronically malnourished (stunted: 14.3%) and up to 24.3% acutely undernourished (wasted: 24.3% MUAC-Z and BAZ 8.1%), 11.6% underweight, of 320 patients at cancer diagnosis). More females than males were underweight (12.2% vs. 4.5%; p = 0.027). Children of 5 years of age and older had a higher prevalence of wasting (18.7%) than children under 5 years of age (3.9%) (p < 0.001) at diagnosis, with significant improvement 6 months after diagnosis. Stunting was significantly associated with poorer OS at 3 years after a cancer diagnosis (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1, 2.8; p = 0.011). CONCLUSION : MUAC/A identified more children with undernutrition than other nutritional parameters. Stunting was significantly associated with poorer OS 3 years and EFS 2 years after a cancer diagnosis. Optimal nutritional support should be provided for South African children, especially those with acute and chronic malnutrition, to improve OS. SUMMARY Acute malnutrition had a higher prevalence at diagnosis than chronic malnutrition. The prevalence of patients with acute malnutrition decreased during the first 6 months of treatment. Stunting at diagnosis was significantly associated with a worse overall survival 3 years after diagnosis.
Change in the prevalence of extra-uterine growth restriction in very low birthweight infants, following the introduction of a written nutrition protocol, in a tertiary neonatal unit
(Taylor and Francis, 2024-09-11) Mosidi, L.N.D.; Van Niekerk, A.; Coetzee, Melantha; mel.coetzee@up.ac.za
BACKGROUND : Advances in neonatal medicine, resulting in improved survival, have brought the concept of extra-uterine growth restriction (EUGR), defined as postnatal growth failure secondary to protein and energy deficits, to the forefront as an important cause of morbidity, particularly in very low birthweight (VLBW) neonates. OBJECTIVES : This study’s main objective was to determine the prevalence of EUGR in Steve Biko Academic Hospital in VLBW infants. METHODS : This was a pre- (epoch 1) and post- (epoch 2) intervention study. The intervention was the introduction of a written nutritional protocol in the neonatal unit in mid-November 2017. Three definitions were used to identify EUGR, namely: (1)discharge weight < 10th percentile, (2) a change by −1.28 z-score in weight at discharge, and (3) the discharge weight percentile below the nadir percentile. RESULTS : The prevalence of EUGR in epoch 1 was 85.7%, 63.5%, and 88.0% using the above definitions, respectively. The prevalence of EUGR in epoch 2 was 73.9%, 65.8%, and 89.4% using the above definitions, respectively. EUGR using the three definitions combined was present in 95.2% and 92.8% of infants in epochs 1 and 2, respectively. None of the differences in EUGR prevalence between the two epochs were significant. CONCLUSION : The prevalence of EUGR was not significantly different between the two epochs, although it had been proposed that the introduction of a written nutritional protocol would have decreased the prevalence of EUGR in epoch 2. One of the reasons proposed for this finding was poor adherence to the nutritional protocol during epoch 2.
Hepatocardiopulmonary hydatid cysts : a rare paediatric case
(South African Medical Association, 2024) Mfingwana, Lunga; Goussard, P.; Van Wyk, L.; Andronikou, S.
Echinococcus granulosus (CE) is a worldwide public health problem causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. We report on a case of complicated paediatric echinococcosis as evidenced by pulmonary, hepatic and cardiac cysts. Combined surgery and chemotherapy represent an appropriate strategy for managing cardiac and cardiopulmonary echinococcosis. However, there is a pressing need for developing a prevention strategy, collaborative research efforts and establishing a registry for information sharing, particularly in SA and other endemic regions.
Comparison of specific IgE against allergen components measured on the ALEX2® Allergy Xplorer and the ImmunoCAP™ ISAC multiplex assays
(South African Medical Association, 2024-12) Murray, L.; Van Heerden, C.; Ranchod, H.; De Beer, C.; Van den Berg, Sharon; Teixeira, M.J.; Swanepoel, P.; Van Rooyen, Cathy; Van Niekerk, A.
BACKGROUND : Allergic disease, mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE), is common worldwide and its incidence is on the rise. OBJECTIVES : To compare common food, inhalant and cross-reactive molecular components detected by the ImmunoCAP Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip (ISAC™) and the Allergy Xplorer (ALEX2®) multiplex IgE assays. METHODS : The study analysed serum samples from 100 patients with suspected allergies. Allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) molecular component measurements were performed using the ImmunoCAP™ ISAC E112i assay (ISAC™) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sweden). Subsequently, sIgE molecular component measurements were performed using the Allergy Xplorer 2® (ALEX2®) (Macro Array Diagnostics, Austria). The ISAC™ method tests 112 molecular allergen components. The ALEX2® method offers 295 reportable molecular allergen components and whole allergen extracts. RESULTS : The overall Kappa analysis showed very good agreement in 58.33% (n=28/48) of components, good agreement in 33.33% (n=16/48) of components, moderate agreement in 8.33% (n=4/48) of components and no fair or poor agreements seen among the analysed components. The four components with a moderate agreement were Gly m 4 (PR-10, soy), Ara h 8 (PR-10, peanut), Gly m 5 (storage protein, soy) and Tri aA/TI (alpha amylase/TI, wheat), with K values of 0.52, 0.51, 0.48 and 0.44, respectively. Tri-AA/TI exhibited the lowest agreement. CONCLUSIONS : The study findings demonstrated a good correlation between the ALEX2® and ISAC™ assays for the detection of sIgE against molecular allergen components. ALEX2® offers the benefit of testing 295 molecular allergen components and extracts, as well as cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) inhibition.
A survey of the optimal oxygen saturation targets in premature infants in the neonatal intensive care units of three tertiary care hospitals in Tshwane, South Africa
(South African Medical Association, 2024-09) Thomas, J.G.; Coetzee, Melantha
BACKGROUND : An optimal oxygen saturation target for premature infants receiving supplemental oxygen, that aims to decrease morbidity and mortality, has been the aim of many studies worldwide. Recently, a saturation target of 91 - 95% was recommended by the NeOProM collaboration. OBJECTIVE : To identify current practice and healthcare-worker knowledge regarding target oxygen saturation in preterm infants. METHOD : This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at three tertiary hospital neonatal units in Tshwane, South Africa. A web-based survey was administered to staff caring for premature infants. To confirm the reliability of the survey, a snapshot was conducted to assess actual practice in the neonatal units. RESULTS : A total of 190 responses from the three neonatal units were analysed for the web-based survey. Overall, 56.3% of respondents indicated that a written standard operating procedure (SOP) for targeting oxygen saturation was in place. However, data analysis revealed that 43 different saturation target ranges were reported, with 90 - 95% being the most common. Approximately three-quarters of respondents indicated that supplemental oxygen may have harmful effects. Knowledge-based questions assessing the benefits and risks of targeting lower saturations (85 - 89%) were answered poorly. Snapshot data analysis revealed that 70.2% of infants were receiving oxygen, of which 81.2% received blended oxygen. The majority (61.2%) of these premature infants had saturations above 95%, with only 27.1% of infants’ snapshot saturations falling within the recommended range (91 - 95%). CONCLUSION : The large number of saturation target range responses that deviated from the SOP stipulated target, indicates that staff are not following an SOP for targeting oxygen saturation in premature infants. To ensure standardised care, we recommend that all three units ensure the availability of a written SOP and perform ongoing staff training.
A case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, limb‑reduction defects and other abnormalities
(South African Medical Association, 2024-12) Coetzee, Melantha
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are usually an isolated finding, though other malformations and syndromes may also be present, including limb-reduction defects in up to 13.1% of infants. These defects often occur in the upper limb and on the ipsilateral side of the hernia. This association between congenital diaphragmatic hernias and limb-reduction defects suggests a developmental relationship, where both organs are either affected during the same embryological period or by the same factor/s (genetic and environmental/teratogenic).
Primary ciliary dyskinesia : meeting the challenges of diagnosis in South Africa
(South African Medical Association, 2024-08) Dangor, Z.; Birkhead, M.; Verwey, C.; Gray, D.M.; Vanker, A.; Githingi, L.; Goga, Ameena Ebrahim; Masekela, R.; Zampoli, M.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited ciliopathy that results in impaired mucous clearance and affects primarily the respiratory tract, causing upper airway disease, bronchial inflammation and bronchiectasis. The prevalence of PCD in low- and middle-income settings, including South Africa (SA), is unknown, largely owing to challenges with diagnosis, and identifying children or adults with PCD is challenging in a setting with a high prevalence of other infectious diseases, including lower respiratory tract infections and tuberculosis. No single test is diagnostic of PCD, and while some tests are costly, others are labour intensive and require highly specialised laboratory expertise. In the SA setting, awareness and opportunities for the diagnosis of PCD need to be created. In this commentary, we provide a pragmatic approach to identifying which children and adults require further investigations for PCD using a range of diagnostic tests or tools that are available. Furthermore, we recommend that designated centres of expertise for PCD diagnosis are created in SA. This would be an important step towards improving accessibility of diagnostic tests and developing local expertise to improving PCD diagnosis, especially in early childhood, to prevent long-term irreversible respiratory sequelae.
Policy brief : optimising antimicrobial usage in paediatric inpatient hospital settings
(South African Medical Association, 2024-04) Cloete, Jeane; Karsas, Maria; Chetty, T.; Pillay, A.; Archary, M.; Moore, D.; Reddy, T.; Balakrishna, Y.; Nakwa, F.; Lancaster, R.; Goga, A.; Jeena, P.; jeane.cloete@up.ac.za
This policy brief document utilised an original published study from three academic hospitals in South Africa (SA) and all relevant published literature to develop recommendations on several strategies, summarised by the acronym ‘PRACTICE’, to optimise antimicrobial prescribing practices. These include implementing standardised policies for empirical antimicrobial use, routine review of antimicrobial therapy, age-specific antimicrobial stewardship programmes and continued collaborative efforts and research. Individualised treatment plans, improved infection prevention and control measures, ongoing surveillance and exploring electronic technology for antimicrobial stewardship are also crucial in combating the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and improving patient outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as SA.
Exploring the role of district clinical specialist teams in maternal health outcomes in a South African district : a mixed method study from 2012 to 2020
(South African Medical Association, 2024-12) Basu, Jayati Kusari; Stewart, A.; Basu, Debashis; Wing, J.; Feucht, Ute Dagmar
BACKGROUND : High maternal and child mortality in South Africa (SA) necessitated the establishment of district clinical specialist teams (DCSTs) in all health districts in 2012, mandated to work in collaboration with district managers and health professionals to achieve joint goals of improved maternal and child health services and outcomes. OBJECTIVE : Within the context of SA district health services, to explore the various obstetric intervention measures undertaken by a DCST over an 8-year period (July 2012 - February 2020), as aligned to the national DCST policy framework, and to document the knowledge and perceptions among managers and health professionals on the work done by the DCST in the district health service. METHODS : A review of DCST reports and documents was conducted along with in-person structured interviews among health professionals and district health managers in the Ekurhuleni Health District in SA. Health professionals who had a working relationship with the DCST and relevant managers of health, including CEOs, clinical managers, community health centre managers, maternal and child health co-ordinators and municipal managers were selected for the interview. Interviews were conducted by the interviewer using a data collection tool focused on the scope of work and acceptance of the DCST in improving maternal health services in a geographically defined district health system. Data collection tools were completed by the interviewer upon questioning the participants. Data were analysed by documenting the activities of the DCST, and thematic analysis was performed for the interviews. RESULTS : Analysis of DCST reports and documents revealed the broad range of activities, including clinical training and mentoring, clinical work, supervision, audit, research, monitoring and evaluation and clinical risk management. Thematic analysis extracted seven themes, namely clinical effectiveness, clinical risk management, professional development, accountability for maternal and child health, clinical work, monitoring and evaluation, and leadership and governance. All (n=20) participants acknowledged the positive impact of the DCST on the improvement in maternal health services. CONCLUSION : The DCST was perceived by local peers as a successful strategy to improve maternal health services in a district health service. This success is likely rooted in its focused intervention measures, within a supportive environment of district managers and health professionals. Such district-based clinical teams are a potential strategy to improve maternal health services within primary healthcare services.
Biallelic variants in RYR1 and STAC3 are predominant causes of King-Denborough syndrome in an African cohort
(Springer Nature, 2025-04) Schoonen, Maryke; Fassad, Mahmoud; Patel, Krutik; Bisschoff, Michelle; Vorster, Armand; Makwikwi, Tendai; Human, Ronel; Lubbe, Elsabeth (Elsa); Nonyane, Malebo; Vorster, Barend C.; Vandrovcova, Jana; Hanna, Michael G.; Taylor, Robert W.; Mcfarland, Robert; Wilson, Lindsay A.; Van der Westhuizen, Francois H.; Smuts, Izelle
King-Denborough Syndrome (KDS) is a congenital myopathy (CM) characterised by myopathy, dysmorphic features and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. The objective of this study was to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlation in Black African patients presenting with CM, specifically those with KDS-like phenotypes, who remained undiagnosed for over 25 years. A cohort of 67 Black African patients with CM was studied, of whom 44 were clinically evaluated and diagnosed with KDS. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed as part of an international genomics study (ICGNMD) to identify potential pathogenic mutations. Genomic assessments focused on identifying relevant genes, including RYR1 and STAC3, and establishing genotype-phenotype correlations. The study identified RYR1 and STAC3 mutations as the predominant genetic causes of KDS in this cohort, with mutations in both genes exhibiting autosomal recessive inheritance. While RYR1 has previously been linked to autosomal dominant mutations, STAC3, which was formerly associated exclusively with Native American Myopathy/Bailey-Bloch Myopathy, congenital hypotonia, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, is now newly associated with CM-KDS in this study. This establishes the first genotype-phenotype correlation for 44 Black African individuals with KDS. This study marks a significant milestone in research on understudied African populations with CM, emphasising the lengthy diagnostic journey these patients endured. The findings highlight the pressing need for improved access to genomic medicine in underserved regions and underscore the importance of expanding research and diagnostic capabilities in Africa. This work contributes to the advancement of genetic medicine in underrepresented populations, facilitating better diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes.
Safety, effectiveness and immunogenicity of heterologous mRNA-1273 boost after prime with Ad26.COV2.S among healthcare workers in South Africa : the single-arm, open-label, phase 3 SHERPA study
(Public Library of Science, 2024-12-05) Garrett, Nigel; Reddy, Tarylee; Yende-Zuma, Nonhlanhla; Takalani, Azwidhwi; Woeber, Kubashni; Bodenstein, Annie; Jonas, Phumeza; Engelbrecht, Imke; Jassat, Waasila; Moultrie, Harry; Bradshaw, Debbie; Seocharan, Ishen; Odhiambo, Jackline; Khuto, Kentse; Richardson, Simone I.; Omondi, Millicent A.; Nesamari, Rofhiwa; Keeton, Roanne S.; Riou, Catherine; Moyo-Gwete, Thandeka; Innes, Craig; Zwane, Zwelethu; Mngadi, Kathy; Brumskine, William; Naicker, Nivashnee; Potloane, Disebo; Badal-Faesen, Sharlaa; Innes, Steve; Barnabas, Shaun; Lombaard, Johan; Gill, Katherine; Nchabeleng, Maphoshane; Snyman, Elizma; Petrick, Friedrich; Spooner, Elizabeth; Naidoo, Logashvari; Kalonji, Dishiki; Naicker, Vimla; Singh, Nishanta; Maboa, Rebone; Mda, Pamela; Malan, Daniel; Nana, Anusha; Malahleha, Mookho; Kotze, Philip; Allagappen, Jon J.; Diacon, Andreas H.; Kruger, Gertruida M.; Patel, Faeezah; Moore, Penny L.; Burgers, Wendy A.; Anteyi, Kate; Leav, Brett; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Gray, Glenda E.; Goga, Ameena Ebrahim; The SHERPA study team
Limited studies have been conducted on the safety and effectiveness of heterologous COVID-19 vaccine boosting in lower income settings, especially those with high-HIV prevalence., The Sisonke Heterologous mRNA-1273 boost after prime with Ad26.COV2.S (SHERPA) trial evaluated a mRNA-1273 boost after Ad26.COV2.S priming in South Africa. SHERPA was a single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study nested in the Sisonke implementation trial of 500000 healthcare workers (HCWs). Sisonke participants were offered mRNA-1273 boosters between May and November 2022, when Omicron sub-lineages were circulating. Adverse events (AE) were self-reported, and co-primary endpoints (SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 hospitalizations or deaths) were collected through national databases. We used Cox regression models with booster status as a time-varying covariate to determine the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of the mRNA-1273 booster among SHERPA versus unboosted Sisonke participants. Of 11248 SHERPA participants in the rVE analysis cohort (79.3% female, median age 41), 45.4% had received one and 54.6% two Ad26.COV2.S doses. Self-reported comorbidities included HIV (18.7%), hypertension (12.9%) and diabetes (4.6%). In multivariable analysis including 413161 unboosted Sisonke participants, rVE of the booster was 59% (95%CI 29-76%) against SARS-CoV-2 infection: 77% (95%CI 9-94%) in the one-Ad26.COV2.S dose group and 52% (95%CI 13-73%) in the two-dose group. Severe COVID-19 was identified in 148 unboosted Sisonke participants, and only one SHERPA participant with severe HIV-related immunosuppression. Of 11798 participants in the safety analysis, 228 (1.9%) participants reported 575 reactogenicity events within 7 days of the booster (most commonly injection site pain, malaise, myalgia, swelling, induration and fever). More reactogenicity events were reported among those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infections (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.03, 95%CI 1.59-2.59) and less among people living with HIV (PLWH) (aOR 0.49, 95%CI 0.34-0.69). There were 115 unsolicited adverse events (AEs) within 28 days of vaccination. No related serious AEs were reported. In an immunogenicity sub-study, mRNA-1273 increased binding and neutralizing antibody titres and spike-specific T-cell responses 4 weeks after boosting regardless of the number of prior Ad26.COV2.S doses, or HIV status, and generated Omicron spike-specific cross-reactive responses. mRNA-1273 boosters after one or two Ad26.COV2.S doses were well-tolerated, safe and effective against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infections among HCWs and PLWH. TRIAL REGISTRATION : The SHERPA study is registered in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR): PACTR202310615330649 and the South African National Clinical Trial Registry (SANCTR): DOH-27-052022-5778.
“If we work as a team, there are success stories.” Unpacking team members’ perceptions and experiences of what impacts team performance in a maternal and neonatal quality improvement programme in South Africa, before, and during COVID-19
(Public Library of Science, 2024-12-23) Odendaal, Willem; Goga, Ameena Ebrahim; Tomlinson, Mark; Singh, Yages; Schneider, Helen; Mianda, Solange; Kauchali, Shuaib; Marshall, Carol; Chetty, Terusha; Hunt, Xanthe
Many maternal and neonatal deaths and stillbirths can be avoided if quality of care is improved. The South African National Department of Health implemented a multi-partner quality improvement (QI) programme between 2018 and 2022, in 21 facilities, with the aim to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality. We conducted a qualitative evaluation to explore QI team members’ perceptions of the factors shaping variation in team performance. The evaluation was conducted in 15 purposively selected facilities. We interviewed 47 team members from the 14 facilities consenting to participate in the evaluation, over three time points. We conducted 21 individual interviews and 18 group interviews. Data were thematically analysed using ATLAS.ti 8. Based on a preliminary assessment, six teams were rated as well-performing and eight, less well-performing. Patterns of divergence between well-performing and less well-performing teams were then examined through in-depth analysis of the full data set. Well-performing teams had a core team of members with a good understanding of the programme aims and QI methodology; a second in-charge member to ensure leader continuity; and leader stability throughout the implementation period. Well-performing teams were recruited from existing facility service teams who had a positive prevailing work culture. Team leaders’ enthusiasm for QI and their ability to mobilise member buy-in, and how well teams worked together, further affected teams’ performance. Existing facility contexts, how teams are set up, leadership—and member buy-in into the methodology, affect QI teams’ performance. Focusing on these as well as supporting leaders to foster a shared vision and culture of excellence; mitigating contextual and implementation barriers; and strengthening team members’ technical QI skills, has the potential to improve QI teams’ performance.
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among learners in grades 1-7, their parents and teachers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa : a cross-sectional study
(Frontiers Media, 2025-05) Dassaye, Reshmi; Chetty, Terusha; Daniels, Brodie; Ramraj, Trisha; Gaffoor, Zakir; Spooner, Elizabeth; Mthethwa, Ncengani; Nsibande, Duduzile Faith; Magasana, Vuyolwethu; Mohlabi, Khanya; Singini, Isaac; Gwebushe, Nomonde; Woeber, Kubashni; Goga, Ameena Ebrahim
INTRODUCTION : There is limited information on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among children and adolescents in LMIC school settings. We aimed to assess (1) the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, (2) prevalence of self-reported or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 prior infections and, (3) COVID-19 symptoms (including long-COVID) among a cohort of primary school learners, their parents and teachers in a semi-rural school setting approximately 3-years into the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS : Learners in grades 1-7 attending two pre-selected schools in close proximity in the Ndwedwe area, iLembe district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, their parents and teachers were invited to enroll into the COVID Kids Schools Study (CoKiDSS) - a cross-sectional survey conducted between May-August 2023. All participants provided informed consent, completed a questionnaire and provided a fingerprick of blood for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing using the COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test. Statistical methods included descriptive analysis, jackknife-estimated seroprevalence and incidence (unadjusted and sensitivity-adjusted), and logistic regression using generalized linear models. RESULTS : A total of 645 participants (i.e., 456 learners, 147 parents and 42 teachers) were enrolled into the survey. Overall SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence was 78% unadjusted to 81% adjusted with an increasing seropositivity trend, from learners to teachers (76% unadjusted to 79% adjusted in learners, 79% unadjusted to 82% adjusted in parents and 93% unadjusted to 97% adjusted in teachers). About 2.6% of learners tested IgM seropositive. Interestingly, 17% of the participants, including 20% learners, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. While only 16 participants (2.5% - 2 learners, 10 parents, and four teachers) self-reported a prior confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these 2 learners (100%), eight parents (80%) and 4 teachers (100%) reported COVID-19 like symptoms that persisted for ≥28-days. CONCLUSION : We reported high SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence among learners in grades 1-7, their parents and teacher approximately 3 years into the COVID-19 pandemic which may be attributed to the snowball effect of multiple waves of infection in South Africa. However, only a small proportion of participants self-reported prior COVID-19 infection. This may be due to (1) recall bias and participants' perception of low susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19, (2) limited access to SARS-CoV-2 testing, and/or (3) a high prevalence of asymptomatic infections.
Insights into bloodstream infections in South African paediatric burn patients : implications for antimicrobial stewardship
(BioMed Central, 2025-03) Christie, Michael; Avenant, Theunis; Nembudani, Masindi; Mnqandi, Anelisa; Muller, Chris; De Villiers, Mariza; Bhikhoo, Zeenat; michael.christie@up.ac.za
INTRODUCTION : Bloodstream infections (BSIs) significantly contribute to the morbidity and mortality in paediatric burn patients from low- and middle-income countries; with common pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently being multidrug resistant (MDR). Due to the growing prevalence of MDR BSIs, antimicrobial stewardship needs to be improved with perhaps more targeted initial antimicrobial use. The study describes the aetiology, and timing of burn-associated BSIs and MDR infections in paediatric burn patients admitted to two paediatric surgery units in Tshwane District, South Africa. METHODS : This multi-centre retrospective review analysed paediatric burn patients (ages 0–12 years) admitted between January 2020 and December 2022 to two public hospitals in Tshwane District, South Africa. Collected data was from patient records and the National Health Laboratory System TrakCare database. BSIs were defined according to the CDC criteria. RESULTS : Of 245 burn patients admitted, 18.8% (n = 46) developed BSIs. From 63 positive blood cultures, the most common isolates were S. aureus (n = 19; 30%), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 18; 29%), and P. aeruginosa (n = 10; 16%). Collectively, gram negative bacteria were responsible for most BSIs (n = 41; 65%). Candida spp accounted for 9% (n = 5). Thirty-five pathogens (56%) were MDR; this included methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (n = 7; 11%), carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (n = 16; 25%), and P. aeruginosa (n = 6; 10%). The median time to the first positive blood culture was 5 days (IQR: 3–12) (gram positive organisms: median: 5 days [IQR: 3–15}); gram negative organisms: median: 8 days [IQR: 4–20]; Fungal: median: 9 days [IQR: 8–27]; p-value 0.37). In the first week, S. aureus caused 32% of infections, including five MRSA cases. Gram negative bacteria dominated weeks two and three, with fungal and polymicrobial infections mainly in weeks two and four. CONCLUSION : Our findings show that as gram positive and gram negative infections predominantly occurred early in the admission period, while polymicrobial infections are more frequently observed later. Consequently, initial targeted narrow-spectrum antimicrobial use is not possible. Instead, antimicrobial de-escalation should be prioritized once culture results are available. Efforts should shift from a focus on treating BSIs to preventing them through wound care and infection control measures. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used judiciously and quickly de-escalated to minimise antimicrobial resistance development.
The challenging road to sustainable kangaroo mother care practice and service : reflections from a South African health district
(BioMed Central, 2025-03) Bergh, Anne-Marie; Van Rooyen, Elise; Kritzinger, Alta M. (Aletta Margaretha); Skhosana, Maria Rinah; Tshukudu, Mphailele; Feucht, Ute Dagmar; anne-marie.bergh@up.ac.za
BACKGROUND : Kangaroo mother care (KMC) was introduced in the Tshwane Health District in South Africa in 1999. After more than two decades of the expansion of KMC services, we describe the KMC implementation trajectory in the district. METHODS : A group of district clinical specialists, clinicians and academics involved in KMC implementation wrote a reflection on the status of KMC in Tshwane District and lessons for sustaining KMC services and practice. RESULTS : The KMC implementation trajectory is described according to three phases: (1) a slow start (1999–2012); (2) consolidation (2012–2023); and (3) sustaining KMC beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. The Tshwane KMC programme activities are interpreted using a 10-component model for scaling up care for small and/or sick newborns at the district level. Major lessons for the sustainability of KMC practice and service include embedding system-wide supportive supervision in the health system’s budget, encouraging multidisciplinary teamwork, conducting regular KMC refresher activities, and working on improving data to enable meaningful action. CONCLUSION : Despite great strides in KMC implementation and ongoing services in the Tshwane Health District, the road to continued sustainability remains challenging.
Dr Spur's mystery case : Is the answer in the gut?
(Allergy Society of South Africa, 2024-06-01) Van den Berg, Sylvia; Brauer, Marieke; Van Niekerk, Andre; andre.vanniekerk@up.ac.za
I have been treating a delightful young 16-year-old lady for a couple of years now in my practice. She has been diagnosed with selective IgA deficiency when she was six years old, after suffering from more than the usual amount of upper respiratory infections in comparison with her peers. She is also atopic suffering from allergic rhinitis and is sensitised to grasses. Unfortunately, she also developed type 1 Diabetes Mellitus when she was eight years old. Despite all her afflictions, she has a sunny disposition and is a very brave girl. I have come across articles where it is stated that IgA is particularly important in maintaining microbiome homeostasis. Can all her symptoms be contributed to a microbial dysbiosis? How can I manage her more optimally? Your opinion and guidance in this matter will be highly appreciated.

Browse

Recent Submissions