1978 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 45, 1978

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CONTENTS

*Volume 45: Number 1*

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. V. Helminths in sheep on dryland pasture on the Transvaal Highveld	Horak, IG	1

An investigation into possible methods of assessing the intake of calcium and phosphorus by grazing sheep	Belonje, PC	7

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VI. Helminths in calves on irrigated pastures on the Transvaal Highveld	Horak, IG & Louw, JP	23

Recovery of nematodes from ruminants by migration from gastro-intestinal ingesta and mucosa gelled in agar : preliminary report	Van Wyk, JA & Gerber, HM	29

The activity of insect juvenile hormone mimics in larval Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acarina : Metastriata : Ixodidae)	Solomon, KR & Evans, AA	39

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VII. Helminths in pigs slaughtered at the Pretoria municipal abattoir	Horak, IG	43

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VIII. Helminths in pigs kept under semi-intensive conditions	Horak, IG	49


*Volume 45: Number 2*

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. IX. Helminths in blesbok	Horak, IG	55

The micromorphology of the glands of the infra-orbital cutaneous sinus of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris)	Gerneke, WH & Cohen, M	59

The micromorphology of the apocrine glands of the intermandibular region of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris)	Cohen, M & Gerneke, WH	67

Observations on the pathology of canine microsporidiosis	McCully, RM, Van Dellen, AF, Basson, PA & Lawrence, J	75

Wesselsbron disease. Pathological, haematological and clinical studies in natural cases and experimentally infected new-born lambs	Coetzer, JAW, Theodoridis, A & Van Heerden, A	93

Therapy of bovine mastitis : the intramammary tissue compatibility of mastitis remedies administered intracisternally to cows	Giesecke, WH	107

Immunogenicity and pathogenicity of three South African strains of Babesia bovis in Bos indicus cattle	De Vos, AJ	119

Volatile fatty acid metabolism in sheep. 3. Diurnal variation in the contribution of ruminal propionic acid production to the whole body glucose turnover of Merino sheep fed lucerne hay twice daily	Van der Walt, JG	125

Observations on the effect of different methods of processing on the bacterial contaminants of bovine and ovine tripe	Van der Made, HN & Van Staden, JJ	133

Research note:

Tumour regression in mice after treatment with extracts of the bone marrow from cattle harbouring tick-borne infections	King, AC	141


*Volume 45: Number 3*

Method of production of and antibody response to an oil adjuvant Bacteroides nodosus bacterin	Cameron, CM & Fuls, WJP	143

Genetic incompatibility between Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) and Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) and hybrid sterility of Australian and South African Boophilus microplus (Acarina : Ixodidae)	Spickett, AM & Malan, JR	149

The efficacy of various insecticides against the larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.), the green blowfly of sheep. I. In vitro tests using a resistant and susceptible strain	Viljoen, JH	155

Light and electron microscopical studies on canine encephalitozoonosis : cerebral vasculitis	Van Dellen, AF, Botha, WS, Boomker, J & Warnes, WEJ	165

Preliminary characterization of viruses isolated from cases of epididymitis and vaginitis in cattle	Theodoridis, A	187

Effects of ⁶⁰Co irradiation on Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 (Acarina : Ixodidae)	Spickett, AM	197

Amicarbalide : a therapeutic agent for anaplasmosis	Barrowman, PR, Coetzer, JAW, Kellerman, TS & De Vos, AJ	203

Nutritional values of different blood diets expressed as reproductive potentials in adult Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera : Muscidae)	Sutherland, B	209

Research note:

Bovine parafilariosis in southern Africa : a preliminary report	Carmichael, IH & Koster, S	213


*Volume 45: Number 4*

The serological and immunological relationship of type strains A and D of Pasteurella multocida to field isolates from sheep	Cameron, CM, Engelbrecht, MM & Vermeulen, ASM	215

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. X. Helminths in impala	Horak, IG	221

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa .XI. Helminths in cattle on natural pastures in the Northern Transvaal	Horak, IG	229

Proteins and free amino acids in the salivary secretion and hemolymph of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum	Neitz, AWH, Howell, CJ, Potgieter, DJJ & Bezuidenhout, JD	235

The suitability of various types of dung and vegetable matter as larval breeding media for Stomoxys calcitrans L (Diptera : Muscidae)	Sutherland, B	241

The pathology of an inherited lysosomal storage disorder of calves	Coetzer, JAW & Louw, TAT	245

Research notes:

Surgical transfer of the cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena	Tustin, RC & Verster, A	255

An attempt to treat the larval stage of Taenia multiceps and a résumé of its neural and extraneural distribution in sheep	Verster, A, Tustin, RC & Reinecke, RK	257

Production of a chicken meat infusion broth suitable for the mass production of a Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin	Buys, SB	261

Author index		263

Subject index		265

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 38

In memoriam
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; Steyn, P.J.J
Subject index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Steyn, P.J.J
Author index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1978) Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Steyn, P.J.J
Production of a chicken meat infusion broth suitable for the mass production of a Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Buys, S.B.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; Steyn, P.J.J
A chicken meat infusion broth was prepared by various formulations and tested in 200ℓ volumes for their suitability to support the growth of Haemophilus gallinarum. The best yield (0, 1% packed cells, or 10⁹ colony-forming units/mℓ) was obtained with a medium prepared from whole flayed carcasses with a ratio of 1 kg of meat to 1,2ℓ of water.
Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VIII. Helminths in pigs kept under semi-intensive conditions
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Horak, Ivan Gerard; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
The seasonal incidence of nematode infestations in pigs raised under semi-intensive conditions was determined by the monthly slaughter of 2-4 tracer pigs exposed to infestation in an earthern floored pen for periods of 1 or 2 months. Although worm burdens were generally small, Ascarops strongylina appeared to be more prevalent from November to March than during the other months of the year. Once Ascaris suum became established in the pen nearly all the pigs became infested. The number of worms never exceeded 88, however, and no seasonal incidence pattern could be determined. Trichuris suis favoured the warmer months from November to March, the smallest numbers being recovered during September and October. One pig only harboured Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 3 had Oesophagostomum dentatum.
Bovine parafilariosis in southern Africa : a preliminary report
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Carmichael, I.H.; Koster, Susan; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A total of 32 042 cattle, slaughtered at the Pretoria, Johannesburg and Durban abattoirs, was examined for parafilariosis and as many animals as possible were traced to the farms from which they originated. The disease is most prevalent in the Bushveld areas of the northern Transvaal. The most important factors limiting its distribution are the annual rainfall and the duration of the frost period. Mention is made of some aspects of the economic loss involved. The effect of routine anthelmintic treatment and dipping on the prevalence of the parasite is briefly discussed.
An attempt to treat the larval stage of Taenia multiceps and a résumé of its neural and extraneural distribution in sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Verster, Anna; Tustin, R.C.; Reinecke, R.K.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; Steyn, P.J.J
Sheep were experimentally infested with the larval stage of Taenia multiceps. On Day 36 postinfestation 2 animals were treated intraperitoneally with mebendazole at 40 mg/kg body mass. Mature viable coenuri were present in the cerebra of both these animals when they were killed on Day 114. From Day 36-Day 49 3 animals were treated daily per os with mebendazole at 100 mg/ kg body mass. At autopsy 1 animal had a developing coenurus in the cerebrum while the other 2 animals were not infested. The drug thus had no effect on the development or viability of the coenuri by either of the 2 routes of administration. When a coenurus from a sheep treated intraperitoneally was fed to a cestode-free dog, 5 adult T. multiceps were recovered from the animal 21 days later. The larvae of this cestode undergo some development in extraneural tissues but rarely attain a size of more than 2 mm before they die and degenerate. The pathological changes in these degenerate lesions are briefly described.
Nutritional values of different blood diets expressed as reproductive potentials in adult Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera : Muscidae)
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Sutherland, B.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Experiments with Stomoxys calcitrans adults showed that different blood diets markedly affect the lifespan and reproductive potential of this species. When fed on blood from herbivores (cattle, sheep, goat, horse and donkey) the adults lay more eggs than they do when fed on blood from omnivores (pig). Blood from carnivores (dog) is even less suitable than that from omnivores, and no eggs are laid when the flies are fed on chicken blood.
Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VII. Helminths in pigs slaughtered at the Pretoria Municipal Abattoir
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Horak, Ivan Gerard; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A total of 52 pigs slaughtered at the Pretoria Municipal Abattoir over a period of 1 year was examined for parasitic helminths. Twenty-six of these pigs were marketed by farmers and 26 by speculators. Of the pigs marketed by farmers 73,1% were found to be infested:-30,8% with Ascaris suum, 65,4% with Ascarops strongylina, 3,8% with Metastrongylus apri, 26,9% with Oesophagostomum spp., 15,4% with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 15,4% with Trichuris suis. All the pigs marketed by speculators were infested :-7,7% with A. suum, 92,3% with A . strongylina, 11,5% with Oesophagostomum spp., 65,4% with Physocephalus sexalatus, 7, 7% with T. colubriformis and 11,5% with T. suis. The findings obtained in surveys conducted in Canada, Greece, India, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and the United States of America are quoted for comparison. Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum are recorded for the first time in pigs in the Republic of South Africa.
Amicarbalide : a therapeutic agent for anaplasmosis
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Barrowman, P.R.; Coetzer, J.A.W.; Kellerman, T.S.; De Vos, A.J.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
When administered subcutaneously in 2 equal daily doses at a total dosage rate of 20 mg/kg, amicarbalide was found to be an effective agent for controlling acute infections of Anaplasma marginate and A. centrale in intact and splenectomized cattle. Attempts to sterilize patent and latent Anaplasma infections, however, were unsuccessful. At total dosage rates of 40 mg/kg and higher, amicarbalide exhibited potent hepato- and nephrotoxic tendencies.
Effects of ⁶⁰Co irradiation on Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 (Acarina : Ixodidae)
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Spickett, A.M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
The effects of ⁶⁰Co irradiation on Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 were studied by mating normal females to males irradiated to attain dosages of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kilorad. The males of all 5 groups were observed mating 7 days after being placed on the host. The higher the irradiation dosage received by the males, progressively longer were the feeding periods of the females mated with them and fewer completed their engorgement. Furthermore, the mass of the females when engorged was lower, fewer laid eggs and the number of eggs they laid decreased progressively. None of the egg batches produced by females mated with irradiated males hatched. No chromosomal abnormalities or discrepancies in spermiophore formation were found in the 2 and 4 kilorad group males, while no micro- or macroscopical growth of the 6 and 8 kilorad group male testes took place, although accessory gland development appeared normal. A. hebraeum males have a chromosome complement of 10 bivalents and a univalent sex chromosome.
The activity of insect juvenile hormone mimics in larval Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acarina : Metastriata : Ixodidae)
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Solomon, K.R.; Evans, Aileen A.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A total of 14 insect juvenile hormone mimics was tested for activity in Amblyomma hebraeum by exposing newly engorged larvae to filter paper impregnated with hormone mimics. The most active compounds used in this assay were HS 103 (6-ethyl-3-pyridyl geranyl ether; EC₅₀ =0,0018 mg/ cm²), ZR 512 (Ethyl 3, 7, 11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; EC₅₀= 0,0022 mg/cm²), HS 2 (6- methyl-3- pyridyl geranyl ether; EC₅₀=0,0035 mg/cm2), ZR 615 (N-ethyl 3, 7, 11-trimethyldodeca- 2, 4- dieneamide; EC₅₀=0, 0035 mg/cm²), ZR 777 (Prop-2-ynyl 3, 7, 11-trimethyldodeca-2, 4-dienoate; EC₅₀=0, 0039 mg/ cm²) and ZR 515 (Isopropyl-11-methoxy 3, 7, 11-trimethyldodeca-2, 4-dienoate; EC₅₀ = 0,0094 mg/cm²). Activity in this assay was similar to that reported in insects and was consistent with the susceptibility of these compounds to metabolic inactivation. The results suggest that ZR 615 may be of possible use in tick control.
Preliminary characterization of viruses isolated from cases of epididymitis and vaginitis in cattle
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Theodoridis, A.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Twelve slow-growing virus isolates propagated in tissue culture from cattle with epididymitis and vaginitis were identified as herpes viruses by virtue of their biological, physicochemical and morphological characteristics. None of the 12 virus strains proved to be serologically related to the infectious pustular vulvo-vaginitis-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IPV-IBR) virus, but a further 3 strains included in this study were identical with IPV-IBR virus. Three of the slow-growing virus strains caused a mild anterior vaginitis when deposited in the vagina of heifers. A pool of 10 slow-growing viruses plus a strain of IPV-IBR virus produced anterior and posterior vaginitis in a heifer. The results are discussed in the light of the original description of vaginitis in the "epivag" syndrome.
Light and electron microscopical studies on canine encephalitozoonosis : cerebral vasculitis
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Van Dellen, A.F.; Botha, W.S.; Warnes, W.E.J.; Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Brain lesions in 2 natural cases of canine encephalitozoonosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Granulomatous reactions, associated with small vessels and capillaries, partly originated from extensive perithelial cell proliferation which ultimately produced the epithelioid cell component. Diffuse glial reactions apparently occurred in relation to the vasculitis. Lymphoid cells infiltrated the epithelioid and glial cell inflammation. Encephalitozoon in all its reproductive stages was identified as the aetiological agent, and ultrastructurally differentiated from Nosema on the basis that a single nucleus was observed. Viable organisms were present only within endothelial cells. Macrophages containing dead spores were usually seen around parasitized vessels and, less frequently, in them neuropil. Organisms, whether viable or non-viable, were never seen extracellularly at the ultrastructural level. Selected histochemical stains and electron microscopy were used to differentiate between viable and non-viable spores. Vasculitis is demonstrated as the underlying lesion of canine encephalitozoonosism affecting the brain and is suggested to be the basic factor in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Surgical transfer of the cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Tustin, R.C.; Verster, Anna; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; Steyn, P.J.J
Unattached immature cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena were transferred surgically to the peritoneal cavities of 4 sheep. Mature infective cysticerci were recovered from the recipient sheep 3 and 5, 8 months later. A fully developed live cysticercus was present in the muscle layers surrounding the scar of the laparotomy site in 2 of the animals.
Tumour regression in mice after treatment with extracts of the bone marrow from cattle harbouring tick-borne infections
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) King, A.C.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Complete regression of a transplantable fibrosarcoma of mice was induced in an average of 86% of animals receiving repeated subcutaneous injections of an extract of the bone marrow from cattle harbouring Babesia parasites. Extracts from cattle harbouring Theileria mutans produced regression of tumours in an average of 63% of the recipients. Splenic extracts from the same animals and bone marrow extracts from an anaplasmosis carrier were less effective. Bone marrow extracts from control animals known to be free from these infections did not enhance the survival of tumour-bearing mice.
The efficacy of various insecticides against the larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.), the green blowfly of sheep. I. In vitro tests using a resistant and susceptible strain
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Viljoen, J.H.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
In order to determine the larvicidal action of different insecticides against both susceptible and resistant blowfly strains in the Republic of South Africa, an attempt was made to find a suitable in vitro method for mortality counts and potency evaluations. After a series of preliminary trials the Australian method of Roxburgh & Shanahan (1973) was adopted as the most reliable for this purpose. A statistical analysis by computer of the basic data at Onderstepoort established the superiority of the LC50 value in biological assays over the LC99 or the closely related minimum lethal concentration (MLC). The insecticidal action of different blowfly compounds was evaluated for relative potency against both susceptible and resistant blowfly strains by comparing their LC50 values in their logarithmic form. Comparisons are fully justifiable where the individual regression coefficients of the insecticides under test do not deviate significantly from a common slope initially calculated (Finney, 1971). A diazinon formulation proved the most potent against susceptible blowflies and fenthion ethyl against the resistant strain from Riversdale. Relative insecticidal potencies varied from 0, 07 - 0, 62 in the former compound and from 0, 35 - 0, 66 in the latter.
The pathology of an inherited lysosomal storage disorder of calves
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Coetzer, Jacobus A.W.; Louw, T.A.T.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; Steyn, P.J.J
The clinical symptoms, gross and histopathological, as well as the ultrastructural appearance of a condition in cross-bred Aberdeen Angus calves resembling the inherited lysosomal storage disease, α-mannosidosis, are reported. The neurones and perithelial cells in the brain and the reticuloendothelial cells in the lymph nodes and spleen were extensively vacuolated. The vacuoles were filled with a sparse, flocculated to granular material within which membranous structures were frequently seen. No specific substance could be identified within the vacuoles, either histochemically or ultrastructurally. Besides the vacuolation, cystic tubular structures were seen in the kidneys. The lining epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles were vacuolated while some of the follicles contained no colloid.
Observations on the effect of different methods of processing on the bacterial contaminants of bovine and ovine tripe
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978) Van Der Made, H.N.; Van Staden, J.J.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A comparison was made of the multiplication of bacteria in specimens of tripe processed in different ways. There was little difference in this respect between commercial tripe as offered for purchase to the consumer and rough and scraped tripe incubated at 30 ˚C for 24 h. Tripe stored at 4 ˚C or in acetic acid (pH 4) at 30 ˚C for 24 h, however, had appreciably fewer bacteria.
Genetic incompatibility between Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) and Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) and hybrid sterility of Australian and South African Boophilus microplus (Acarina : Ixodidae)
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1978) Spickett, A.M.; Malan, J.R.; Bigalke, R.D.; Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Gilchrist, Frances M.C.; Morren, A.J.; Verster, Anna J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Virgin females of both Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus microplus, when mated with males of the other species, subsequently produced sterile eggs. Counts of spermiophore capsules in female seminal receptacles showed that the males of both species will mate with the females of both species and that B. microplus males show a slightly greater, but statistically insignificant, mating capacity than B. decoloratus males. South African B. microplus females, when mated with an Australian strain of B. microplus males, produced a 62% yield of viable hybrid progeny while the reciprocal cross produced only a 1, 82% hatch of non-viable larvae. The hybrids were sterile when interbred and no hatch resulted when the Fl males were backcrossed with parent females. The reciprocal backcross of hybrid Fl females to parent males resulted in a low percentage hatch of non-viable larvae.

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