1940 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Volume 15, 1940

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

Volume 15: Numbers 1 & 2

Section I: Virus Diseases

The study and control of the vectors of rabies in South Africa	Snyman, PS	9

Psittacosis in domestic pigeons	Coles, JDWA	141

The susceptibility of cattle to the virus of bluetongue	Mason, JH & Neitz, WO	149

Erosive stomatitis of cattle	Mason, JH & Neitz, WO	159

Rinderpest in buffaloes: the immunizing value of dried goat spleen vaccine	Pfaff, G	175

Section II: Nutrition

Supplementation of winter grazing in the Transvaal with special reference to the maintenance protein requirement of sheep	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	187

The biological value of the proteins of maize and maize supplemented with lysine and tryptophane	Marais, JSC & Smuts, DB	197

The biological values of the proteins of oats, barley, wheatbran and pollard	Marais, JSC & Smuts, DB	205

The utilization of the protein of Somerset beans by rats and sheep	Smuts, DB, Marais, JSC & Bonsma, JC	211

The amino acid deficiencies of certain plant proteins and the supplementary effect between plant proteins as measured by means of their biological values	Marais, JSC & Smuts, DB	225

Section III: Pharmacology and Toxicology

Senecio alkaloids. Part III. Chemical investigations upon the Senecio species responsible for "bread-poisoning". The isolation of senecionine from Senecio ilicifolius Thunb. and a new alkaloid "rosmarinine" from Senecio rosmarinifolius Linn	De Waal, HL	241

The Senecio alkaloids. Part IV. Platyphilline, the active principle of Senecio adnatus, D.C.	De Waal, HL & Tiedt, J	251

Recent investigations into the toxicity of known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South Africa, X	Van der Walt, SJ & Steyn, DG	261

Section IV: Surgery and Obstetrics

The influence of oophorectomy on the performance of greyhound bitches	Quinlan, J & Steyn, HP	281

Section V: Pathology

A method for preparing sections of bone without decalcification	Thomas, AD, Clark, R & Schulz, K	295

Experimental osteodystrophic diseases in goats	Groenewald, JW, Thomas, AD & Du Toit, BA	299

Section VI: Wool Research

Studies on the basic characteristics of South African merino wool. I. Breaking strength and tensile strength	Bosman, V, Van Wyk, CM & Waterston, EA	313

Studies on the basic characteristics of South African merino wool. II. Specific gravity	Van Wyk, CM & Nel, HAM	325

Studies on the basic characteristics of South African merino wool. III. Moisture adsorption	Van Wyk, CM	333

Section VII: Solar Survey

South African solar radiation survey 1937-38	Riemerschmid, G	343

Author index		431

Subject index		433

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 22

South African solar radiation survey 1937-38
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Riemerschmid, G.; Du Toit, P.J.
The results of the physical measurement of the total amount of sun and sky radiation and the cooling temperature at 6 stations in the Union may be summarized as follows: A. Radiation. 1. How does the amount of radiation at the inland stations compare with that at the coastal stations? The amount of radiation obtained at the inland stations exceeded the amount at the coastal stations all the year round. 2. Which station received the greatest, and which the smallest amount of radiation during the course of the year? During nine out of twelve months the greatest amount of radiation was obtained in the climatic zone of the high veld. During the remaining three months (December, January and February) the greatest amount was received at Cape Town. The smallest amount of radiation was obtained during all twelve months at the coastal stations. In five of the twelve months Cape Town recorded the least, during five other months Durban received the smallest amount. 3. During which month was the greatest and during which the smallest amount of radiation obtained at each station? At each station the greatest amount of radiation occurred during the months November or December, 1937. The smallest amounts were recorded during the winter months of July, 1937, and June, 1938. 4. What was the ratio between the greatest and the smallest amount of radiation at each station? Johannesburg registered during the month of maximum radiation twice as much solar energy as it did during the month of minimum radiation. Comparable ratios were: 3.4:1 for Cape Town; nearly 3:1 for Port Elizabeth and 2:1 for Durban. 5. How did the amount of radiation at each station vary during the course of the year? The amount of radiation at Johannesburg during the course of the year was rather irregular. At Bloemfontein and Nelspoort the increase of the monthly amount with the increase of the altitude of the sun was progressive. At Durban great variations in the amount of radiation was registered from month to month. Port Elizabeth showed a fairly regular distribution over the year. In Cape Town the amount also increased and decreased steadily in accordance with the sun's altitude and showed particularly high readings in December and January. 6. How do the total amounts of radiation recorded at the stations during a period of six months compare with each other? During the first half year under investigation the total amount of sun and sky radiation was largest at Bloemfontein, next in amount was that at Johannesburg and at Nelspoort Sanatorium. At the coast, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth had an approximately equal amount of radiation. Durban's amount was distinctly smaller. Durban, being the station with the smallest amount of radiation during the first half year, recorded 22 per cent. less than Bloemfontein which had the greatest amount. The second half year showed a greater amount of radiation at Johannesburg than at the coastal stations. These recorded fairly similar amounts during the period. The total for the year was distinctly larger at Johannesburg than at the three coastal stations. 7. How does the amount of radiation obtained in South Africa compare with the amount in Nairobi (Kenya), Davos (Switzerland) and Bad Nauheim (Germany)? In winter the amount of sun and sky radiation at Johannesburg was distinctly larger than at Davos situated at a similar altitude above sea-level and it was 5 to 10 times larger than at Bad Nauheim at a low altitude. During two months in midsummer the amount at Davos was slightly larger than at Johannesburg during the comparable period. Nairobi experienced a greater amount of radiation during the six months under investigation than any of the other places concerned in this comparison. The ratio between the highest summer and lowest winter reading per month was 2.0:1 at Johannesburg, 4.5:1 at Davos and 10.4:1 at Bad Nauheim. The yearly total amount at Johannesburg was 122 per cent. of what was received in Davos; Bad Nauheim obtained only 69 per cent. of that amount. B. Cooling temperature. 1. During winter the mean values of the cooling temperature showed the greatest extremes at the inland stations, particularly at Johannesburg. Bloemfontein recorded higher readings at night, and Nelspoort distinctly lower recordings during day-time than Johannesburg. The average conditions at the three coastal stations showed no very distinct differences. Throughout the year Durban's mean cooling temperature values were the highest. Next in order was Port Elizabeth, followed by Cape Town. 2. The rapid decrease of cooling temperature in the afternoon continued after sunset at the inland stations but not at the coastal stations. In the latter the rapid decrease only lasted until sunset, immediately after which the drop became much more gradual. 3. The average increase of the mean cooling temperature from winter to summer was great at the inland stations, but small at the coastal stations. 4. In winter the monthly average cooling temperature was distinctly lower at the inland than at the coastal stations, in summer this difference was not pronounced. 5. The mean maximal cooling temperatures showed no regular difference between the interior and the coast, whereas the mean minimal readings were distinctly lower at the inland stations. 6. The absolute highest cooling temperature of 52.0° was registered at Port Elizabeth in August and in January, the absolute lowest reading of 4.0° was recorded at Johannesburg in September, 1937.
Subject Index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
Author Index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
Studies on the basic characteristics of South African merino wool. III. Moisture adsorption
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Van Wyk, C.M.; Du Toit, P.J.
The adsorption of moisture at various relative humidities by ten samples representing different types of South African Merino wool was investigated. The samples differed significantly in absorptive powers. At 90 per cent. relative humidity the extreme values of 24.0 per cent. and 22.3 per cent. with a mean value of 22.8 per cent. were obtained. At 97.5 per cent. relative humidity the corresponding values were 28.3 per cent. and 27.4 per cent., showing a smaller difference than at 90 per cent. relative humidity. The highest values were obtained in the case of an extremely hairy sample, and the lowest in the case of a sample of the "ropy" type. The use of a standard sample for estimating the dry weights of samples is discussed. It is concluded that the method is suitable where an accuracy greater than 0.2 per rent. is not required, provided that samples of the hairy and “ropy” types are not included.
Studies on the basic characteristics of South African merino wool. II. Specific gravity
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Van Wyk, C.M.; Nel, H.A.M.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The specific gravity of 54 samples of South African Merino wool from various wool-growing areas was determined. Significant differences occurred among these samples. 2. The mean value was 1.3052 at 25°C., water at 4°C. with a standard deviation of ±0.0035 and a coefficient of variability of ± 0.27 per cent. 3. A series of samples presumed to have been selected for differences in specific gravity were analysed. The results were inconclusive. 4. No correlation between the specific gravity and the fibre fineness of the samples was obtained. 5. The influence of variations in specific gravity on the determination of fibre fineness by the weight-length method is discussed.
Studies on the basic characteristics of South African merino wool. I. Breaking strength and tensile strength
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Bosman, V.; Van Wyk, C.M.; Waterston, E.A.; Du Toit, P.J.
A series of South African Merino wool samples, representing wools from different parts of the Union, was analysed for breaking strength and tensile strength. The method of determination, using Doehner's instrument, consisted of bundle tests, this giving average values for larger samples and lots. A portion of the analysis is devoted to the breaking strength and tensile strength of fibres within the same staple. It is shown that the average breaking strength of the coarse fibres within the staple is 6.66 (± .504) grammes. That of the fine fibres is 4.38 (± .300) grammes, so that the course fibres are 52 per cent. stronger per fibre than the fine fibres. The practical significance of this is discussed. Breeding aspects are discussed and it is shown that the Merino breeder, in striving for uniformity of fibre fineness, will tend to attain uniformity in fibre length and also in the breaking strength of the fibres. The average tensile strength of the coarse fibres within the staple is 1.32 (± 0·058) and that of the fine fibres is 1·46 (± ·070), (expressed as grammes per square cm. x 10⁶). When fibres within the same staple are considered, there is a significant correlation of · 9508 ( ± · 7938) between fibre diameter and breaking strength and a significant negative correlation of - ·4822 ( ± ·0456) between fibre diameter and tensile strength. The average breaking strength (per fibre) of representative South African Merino wool samples ranges from 1 to 11 grammes with a mean of 5 ·50 grammes. The tensile strength of South African .Merino wool varies from 0 · 6 to 1· 6 ( x 10⁶) grammes per square centimetre with an average of 1· 243 ( x 10⁶) grammes per square centimetre of fibre. The latter figure can also be expressed as 8 tons per square inch or 12 · 4 kilogrammes per square millimeter of fibre. When different samples are considered there is a significant correlation (r = 0 · 896 ± 0 · 0186) between fibre fineness and breaking strength, but an insignificant correlation ( r= -0.1780±0.0911) between fibre fineness and tensile strength. The regression coefficient of the breaking load on fibre fineness is 0 · 445 ( ± · 0208) indicating that, on an average, every increase of 1µ in fibre fineness is associated with an increase of 0 · 445 grammes in the breaking strength.
Experimental osteodystrophic diseases in goats
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Groenewald, J.W.; Thomas, A.D.; Du Toit, B.A.; Du Toit, P.J.
(1) Starvation proved to be an important factor in the development of bone atrophy in the case of two kids which received a ration low in calcium and high in phosphorus, where the CaO:P₂O₅ ratio was wide. (2) Clinical symptoms of rickets were observed only in a case where the phosphorus intake was low and that of calcium high, with a wide ratio. (3) When the calcium and phosphorus intakes were both low, their ratio being normal, the histological examination of the bone showed the presence of rickets. (4) The inhibition of normal growth, due to semi-starvation, resulted in the eventual development of bone atrophy and not osteofibrosis. Even rickets, which is more easily produced than osteofibrosis, in time gives way to atrophy in the presence of cessation of bone growth.
A method for preparing sections of bone without decalcification
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Thomas, A.D.; Clark, R.; Schulz, K.; Du Toit, P.J.
The influence of oophorectomy on the performance of greyhound bitches
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Quinlan, J.; Steyn, H.P.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Thirty-six greyhound bitches between the ages of six and 12 months have been oophorectomised. 2. The oophorectomised bitches have never shown the psychological or clinical symptoms of "heat". 3. Two oophorectomised bitches have shown a tendency to slight increase in weight, 2-3 pounds, above that estimated as their best racing weights. Difficulty has been experienced in controlling the weight of these two bitches. 4. The performance of the oophorectomised bitches has been comparable with that of their litter sisters. 5. Oophorectomy appears to be a practical method of overcoming the difficulty experienced with greyhound bitches necessitating enforced rest from racing following each "heat" period. 6. Greyhound stud owners should consider the advisability of oophorectomising all females not destined for stud purposes.
Recent investigations into the toxicity of known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South Africa, X
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Van der Walt, S.J.; Steyn, D.G.; Du Toit, P.J.
The toxicity of 22 plants was investigated. According to the available literature the following five of these plants were proved for the first time to be toxic: Cryptolepis decidua N.E.Br., Cryptostemma calendulaceum R.Br., Helichrysum cephaloideum D.C., var adcendens, Kedrostis nana Cogn. and Moraea setacea Ker.
The Senecio alkaloids. Part IV. Platyphilline, the active principle of Senecio adnatus, D.C.
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) De Waal, H.L.; Tiedt, J.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. In this article are described the isolation of the alkaloid, platyphylline from Senecio adnatus D.C. as well as the preparation of some of its derivatives. 2. The alkaloid has the formula C₁₈H₂₅O₅N and its fission products are platynecine, C₈H₁₃O₂N and the monobasic platynecic acid, C₁₀H₁₄O₄. These findings are in conformity with those found for platyphylline from S. platyphyllus D.C. (Orechoff, 1935). 3. The view is put forward with reserve that platynecic acid is identical with senecic acid and not a hydroxy acid as found by Orechoff, but that the acid is a monolactonic, monobasic and acyclic acid. 4. Senecio adnatus D.C. must henceforth be considered toxic to stock as it contains at least 0.5 per cent. (calculated on the dried and ground plant) of the active principle platyphylline.
Senecio alkaloids. Part III. Chemical investigations upon the Senecio species responsible for "bread-poisoning". The isolation of senecionine from Senecio ilicifolius Thunb. and a new alkaloid "rosmarinine" from Senecio rosmarinifolius Linn
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) De Waal, H.L.; Du Toit, P.J.
I. Two of the main Senecio species responsible for "breadpoisoning" in human beings in the Cape South-Western districts, viz., S. ilicifolius Thunb. and S. rosmarinifolius Linn., have been chemically examined for their toxic principles. II. From S. ilicifolius Thunb. a known alkaloid, Senecionine, C₁₈H₂₅O₅N, previously isolated by other workers from S. vulgaris, S. viscosus, S. squalidus and S. aureus, has been obtained. III. Senecionine is a stable alkaloid with m.p. 232° and very sparingly soluble in water. The alkaloid will not be destroyed during the baking of bread from flour of contaminated wheat. IV. S. rosmarinifolius Linn. contains a new alkaloid for which the name "Rosmarinine" is proposed. It has the formula C₁₈H₂₇O₆N, the melting-point 208°, it is extremely bitter and very sparingly soluble in water. It must be considered a dangerous poison when wheat becomes contaminated with S. rosmarinifolius or when animals graze on this plant. V. Rosmarinine has a specific rotation of -120.0° in chloroform and -94.0° in ethanol. Its nitrate has a melting-point of 218°C. and a specific rotation of -91.5° in water. VI. As a result of this chemical investigation and the nature of the toxic principles, the author urges the complete eradication of these Senecio plants which unfortunately occur very abundantly. This is considered the only remedy to prevent human deaths due to "bread-poisoning" and animal losses from chronic liver-cirrhosis.
The amino acid deficiencies of certain plant proteins and the supplementary effect between plant proteins as measured by means of their biological values
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Marais, J.S.C.; Smuts, D.B.; Du Toit, P.J.
The supplementary effect of methionine on lucerne, lysine on oats seed, cystine and methionine on peanutmeal, cystine on linseedmeal as well as the supplementary relationship between yellow maize and lucerne and of yellow maize and soyabeans have been determined by means of their biological values. From the results obtained it is concluded: 1. That 0.2 per cent. dl-methionine increased the nitrogen utilization of the lucerne proteins by 30±1.64 per cent. 2. Cystine has no supplementary effect on peanutmeal, while methionine improves the protein to a slight extent. 3. Cystine supplementation increases the nitrogen utilization of linseedmeal by 8±2.04 per cent. 4. Lysine supplementation has no significant effect on the proteins of whole oats seed. 5. The proteins of whole yellow maize and lucerne and of whole maize and soyabeans supplement each other in a marked and significant manner.
The utilization of the protein of Somerset beans by rats and sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Bonsma, J.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
By means of carefully controlled metabolism experiments it was shown that the biological value for Somerset beans with rats is 37, and that this value is significantly enhanced by the inclusion of 0.2 per cent. cystine. The same product when tested out with sheep gave a biological value of 52, and when supplemented in equal proportions, with maize, a value of 62. When April grazing is supplemented by Somerset beans the average biological value obtained is 59.
The biological values of the proteins of oats, barley, wheatbran and pollard
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Marais, J.S.C.; Smuts, D.B.; Du Toit, P.J.
The biological values and digestibilities of the proteins of whole oats seed, unpearled barley, wheatbran and pollard have been determined and a figure expressing the percentage utilizable protein calculated.
The biological value of the proteins of maize and maize supplemented with lysine and tryptophane
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Marais, J.S.C.; Smuts, D.B.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The biological values of whole white maize and whole yellow maize are 76 ± 1.91 and 67 ± 0.98 at approximately 8 per cent. protein level. 2. The proteins of white maize are significantly better than that of yellow maize. 3. Supplementation with lysine and tryptophane separately does not increase the nitrogen utilization of yellow maize to any marked extent. 4. Supplementation with lysine and tryptophane simultaneously markedly increases the nitrogen utilization of the yellow maize protein.
Supplementation of winter grazing in the Transvaal with special reference to the maintenance protein requirement of sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
By means of metabolism experiments on mature and young sheep it was shown that approximately 81 grams of maize will supplement April grazing successfully in respect of protein if the energy requirements are satisfied. Due to the fact, that 150 grams maize efficiently supplement 200 grams of wheat straw with a lower nitrogen content than July grazing, it can be implied that it will also supplement July grazing successfully. Urea nitrogen has been shown to be utilized by sheep for maintenance purposes hut must not be expected to promote growth unless experiments conducted under controlled conditions prove the contrary.
Rinderpest in buffaloes : the immunizing value of dried goat spleen vaccine
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Pfaff, G.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The dose of dried goat spleen vaccine has no influence on the reaction produced. 2. Immunity is not acquired by contact with reacting buffaloes. 3. Long-drawn-out reactions may be due to infection soon after inoculation. 4. Buffaloes require adequate care and rest after inoculation.
Erosive stomatitis of cattle
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Mason, J.H.; Neitz, W.O.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. A disease, erosive stomatitis of cattle, which has some resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease, is described. 2. It can be transmitted in series from bovine to bovine and is caused by a virus. 3. There is evidence that erosive stomatitis and “Armagh disease” are similar, if not the same.
The susceptibility of cattle to the virus of bluetongue
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1940) Mason, J.H.; Neitz, W.O.; Du Toit, P.J.
(1) Bluetongue virus inoculated intravenously, subcutaneously, intranasally, or through scarifications on the buccal mucous membrane did not cause any apparent illness in cattle. (2) Inoculated cattle developed a maladie inapparente. (3) The ability of bluetongue virus to cause lesions in the buccal cavity of cattle is doubted.

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