1952 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 25, Number 3 & 4, 1952

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 25: Number 3*

Babesia thomasi Sp. Nov., an intra-erythrocytic parasite of the Cape dassie [Procavia capensis (Pallas)]	Jansen, BC	3

Tuberculosis in man, an animal health problem	Fourie, PJJ	7

A rapid economical method for accurate determination of the percentage packed cells in a bacterial suspension	Van Drimmelen, GC	39

Comparative study of the content of starch and sugars of Tribulus terrestris, Lucerne, some Gramineae and Pentzia incana under different meteorological, edaphic and physiological conditions. Paper no. 2 - Carbohydrate nutrition	Henrici, M	45

Defluorination of aqueous solutions of superphosphate for use in animal nutrition	Truter, GJ & Louw, JG	93


*Volume 25: Number 4*

The occurence of some hitherto undescribed Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus species in South African birds	Jansen, BC	3

The occurrence of Eperythrozoon parvum Splitter, 1950 in South African swine	Jansen, BC	5

Comparative electrophoretic studies of bovine and human colostrum in relation to neonatal immunity	Polson, A	7

Changes in the electrophoretic pattern of sera of dogs suffering from various diseases	Polson, A & Malherbe, WD	13

The domestic pigeon as a possible carrier of Newcastle disease	Kaschula, VR	25

Newcastle disease vaccination: the use of live virus after inactivated vaccine	Kaschula, VR	29

Aureomycin in the treatment of heartwater	Weiss, KE, Haig, DA & Alexander, RA	41

A note on the staining of bacterial capsules	Sterne, M	51

The new synthetic insecticides as dressings tor blowfly strike in sheep	Du Toit, R & Fiedler, OGH	53

The lethal effect of some insecticides on the B.H.C.-resistant blue tick, Boophilus decoloratus Koch	Fiedler, OGH	65

Studies on the pharmacology and toxicology of Acovenoside A	Clark, R	69

The influences of the nature of the diet and of starvation on the concentration curve of sulphanilamide in the blood of sheep after oral dosing	Clark, R & Wessels, JJ	75

The effect of body stores and of method of supplementation on the efficiency of calcium and phosphorus utilization by sheep	Reinach, N, Louw, JG & Groenewald, JW	85

The influence of processing on the efficiency of proteins	Myburgh, SJ, Louw, JG & Groenewald, JW	93

The utilization of phosphorus from different sources by the rat	Reinach, N & Louw, JG	99

Digestibility of lucerne hay with special reference to experimental technique in digestion trials (second report)	Groenewald, JW, Myburgh, SJ & Louw, JG	105

A note on the alkaloid of Crotalaria damarensis	Louw, PGJ	111

Chemical investigation of Pachystigma pygmaeum Schlechter (gousiektebossie)	Veldsman, DP	113

Transvaalin, a cardiac glycoside isolated from Urginea burkei, Bkr. (Transvaal Slangkop)	Louw, PGJ	123

Author index		135

Subject index		138

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 26

A note on the alkaloid of Crotalaria damarensis
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Louw, P.G.J.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
Subject index
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Anonymous; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
Author index
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Anonymous; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
Transvaalin, a cardiac glycoside isolated from Urginea burkei, Bkr. (Transvaal Slangkop)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Louw, P.G.J.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
(1) A cardiac glycoside, transvaalin, with molecular formula C₃₆H₅₂O₁₃, was isolated from Urginea burkei Bkr. (2) Transvaalin has the typical raticidal properties of scilliroside when dosed per os or injected intraperitoneally. The m.l.d. for rats, dosed per os, was 40 mg./Kg. (3) Hydrolysis of transvaalin yielded scillaridin A, C₂₄H₃₀O₃, and scillabiose from which it appears that transvaalin must either be isomeric with scillaren A or a very stable complex of scillaren A and a rat-poison e.g. scilliroside. (4) Fractionation of transvaalin with chloroform-butanol yielded no scilliroside or other rat-poison, while the activity of transvaalin remained unchanged towards rats and frogs, contradicting the possibility that it is a complex of scillaren A and a rat-poison. (5) The isolation (in small yield) of an amorphous water-soluble poisonous principle from U. burkei. is reported.
Chemical investigation of Pachystigma pygmaeum Schlechter (gousiektebossie)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Veldsman, D.P.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
Leaves and stems of the plant, Pachystigma pygmaeum (gousiektebossie), collected at Kaalfontein on 20th October, 1950, were subjected to a chemical investigation. Four crystalline substances were isolated: a lactone, m.p. 199°C.; a phytosterol, m.p. 253-256°C., mannitol, m.p. 166°C., and a flavone glycoside which sintered at 194-195°C. and finally melted at 222-224°C. All these substances were tested out on rabbits with negative results.
Digestibility of lucerne hay with special reference to experimental technique in digestion trials (second report)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Groenewald, J.W.; Myburgh, S.J.; Louw, J.G.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
(1) In a continuation of the study of the digestibility of the same lucerne hay by the same steers at different times further evidence of a period influence on digestibility was obtained. This influence could be reduced or eliminated by following a simplified technique in planning digestion trials with different feeding stuffs. (2) The digestion of lucerne hay by bovines would seem to improve with age in these animals.
The utilization of phosphorus from different sources by the rat
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Reinach, Norman; Louw, J.G.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
An experiment has been carried out in which the relative availability to young rats of the phosphorus in bone meal, bone ash, dicalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate has been ascertained. Live weight gains, the ash content of the femurs, and the total retention of phosphorus have been used as criteria in evaluating the supplements. Dicalcium phosphate was found superior to the other three supplements. Bone ash proved to be on a par with, if not better than bone meal. Tricalcium phosphate was least efficient as a source of phosphorus for bone formation. The practical significance of the observed differences in availability is briefly discussed.
The influence of processing on the efficiency of proteins
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Myburgh, S.J.; Louw, J.G.; Groenewald, J.W.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
Employing an improved nitrogen balance method the influence of mild heat treatment on the digestibility and biological value of a mixture of plant proteins has been determined. The heat treatment resulted in a small though significant improvement in the digestibility of the proteins. Protein quality was, however, not affected.
The effect of body stores and of method of supplementation on the efficiency of calcium and phosphorus utilization by sheep
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Reinach, Norman; Louw, J.G.; Groenewald, J.W.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
(1) The Ca and P metabolism of two groups of young sheep, depleted of these minerals, was investigated in a series of three balance studies. (2) During the first 10 days on the bone meal supplemented ration, the inorganic P of the blood rose sharply from approximately 2•0 to 5•0 mgm. per 100 c.c. of blood, a level which was more or less maintained to the end of the experiment. (3) Under the conditions obtaining the method of bone meal supplementation had no influence on the efficiency of utilization of Ca and P. The implication of this for the problem of phosphate feeding under practical conditions is briefly discussed. (4) Ca and P utilization dropped considerably in the course of the 80 days on the enriched ration. Retention figures for Ca decreased from 22•5 to 12•7 per cent. and those for P from 53•1 to 32•2 per cent. (5) Due to the fact that no observations are available on the extent of replenishment during the period of bone meal feeding the final interpretations of these results must await the outcome of further investigations.
The influences of the nature of the diet and of starvation on the concentration curve of sulphanilamide in the blood of sheep after oral dosing
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Clark, R.; Wessels, J.J.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
It has been shown that the concentration curve of sulphanilamide in the blood of sheep after oral dosing is profoundly influenced by the basic diet and by starvation. In view of this and other similar findings, it is emphasised that, especially in the ruminant, no pharmacological or toxicological findings can be correctly interpreted without due regard being given to the basic diet and the feeding regime.
Studies on the pharmacology and toxicology of Acovenoside A
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Clark, R.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
It has been shown that Acovenoside A. is a typical cardio-active glycoside in both its pharmacological and toxicological actions. It is highly cumulative. either materially or functionally, and by prolonged action can cause disseminated interstitial fibrosis and focal degeneration of the myocard. The macroscopical post-mortem lesions are very similar to those of heartwater (Rickettsia ruminantium infection) but the characteristic rigid systole of the ventricles in acovenoside poisoning should differentiate the two conditions.
The lethal effect of some insecticides on the B.H.C.-resistant blue tick, Boophilus decoloratus Koch
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Fiedler, O.G.H.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
D.D.T. and its related compounds seem to be the only group of the new contact insecticides against which the blue tick has not been able to build up any resistance. Toxaphene as well as Parathion are definitely less effective against the B.H.C.-resistant strain and higher concentrations are needed to achieve a good control. Dieldrin and related compounds, which otherwise are very powerful insecticides appear to be of little value for the control of the B.H.C.-resistant blue tick.
The new synthetic insecticides as dressings tor blowfly strike in sheep
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Du Toit, R.; Fiedler, O.G.H.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
1. The more recent literature on the blowfly problem in South Africa is reviewed and the general conclusions regarding control measures discussed. 2. The larvicidal properties of a number of the new synthetic insecticides for mature third stage maggots of Lucilia cuprina, Wied., are investigated for purposes of their use in blowfly dressings. 3. The methods of assessment of larvicidal properties by in vitro and in vivo tests are stated and tabulated for the different insecticides tested. 4. Patch tests upon sheep for the more common organic solvents of the insecticides are described and the results enumerated. 5. Tests of B.H.C. in wettable powder form and as emulsions are conducted upon blowfly strikes artificially produced upon sheep and the results compared. 6. Recommendations for the use of B.H.C. in wettable powder form at a concentration of 0•5 per cent of the gamma isomer are made. 7. The advantage possessed by B.H.C. of killing third stage maggots slowly thus permitting them to leave the wound before death is pointed out.
A note on the staining of bacterial capsules
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Sterne, Max; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
The efficiency of Muir's capsule stain could be much increased by adding a surface-active agent (CTAB) to the primary carbol-fuchsin stain, and by using 0•1 per cent. alkaline methylene blue as a counter stain. Heating of the stain was not necessary.
Aureomycin in the treatment of heartwater
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Weiss, K.E.; Haig, D.A.; Alexander, R.A.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
1. The value of aureomycin in the treatment of heartwater has been established. It is considerably more effective than the sulphonamides. 2. The minimal therapeutic dose for sheep appears to be 2•5 mg. per lb. administered intravenously either as a single dose or in divided doses at intervals of 24 hours. 3. Doses smaller than the curative dose have a marked effect upon the course of the disease. 4. In cattle even advanced cases have responded promptly to administration of 2 to 2•5 mg. per lb. It was possible that doses as small as 1 mg. per lb. were effective. 5. Administered in the incubation stage of the disease in amounts approximately double the curative dose it had a marked effect upon the subsequent course of the disease. 6. Prophylactic or curative administration in doses up to 20 mg. per lb. did not interfere with immunity production. 7. Aureomycin alone or in combination with a sulphonamide is suggested at present as the drug of choice for treatment, or together with live virus for immunization. This work was facilitated by the supply in very generous quantities of aureomycin hydrochloride with sodium glycinate by the Director, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N.Y., U.S.A., to whom we wish to take this opportunity of expressing our indebtedness.
Newcastle disease vaccination: the use of live virus after inactivated vaccine
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Kaschula, V.R.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
The use is described of Beaudette's Roakin strain live virus intra-ocularly on fowls previously vaccinated with an aluminium hydroxide adsorbed formalinized chick embryo vaccine. Good response to this combination was recorded from three months after using the killed vaccine. When the virus was applied per wing-web, a reliable percentage of reactions only took place when the interval between the two vaccines was five months or more. Experiments determining (1) the most effective routes of application of the live virus, (2) the optimum dilutions of the live virus, (3) the interval necessary between the use of the inactivated and the live virus for the intra-ocular and wing-web routes of application of the live virus and the effect on the egg production are described. Allantoic fluid, infected with Roakin strain virus, having an embryo Ld 50 of not less than 10⁻⁸ was diluted 1/10 in 50 per cent. glycerine-saline containing 1/8,000 crystal violet. The crystal violet was incorporated to colour the vaccine and so to facilitate its application. One drop of this diluted virus was applied intra-ocularly with an eye-dropper. Experiments conducted indicate that the intra-ocular route of application of the live virus is superior to the intranasal. The use of live virus after killed vaccine was characterised by absence of the drop in egg production which usually follows live virus immunization in susceptible fowls. In field tests conducted five large flocks, totalling 25,000 laying hens and 49,000 young stock (one to five months old) were vaccinated satisfactorily with a combination of these two vaccines. The severe effects of the live virus on egg production was controlled. Two small control susceptible flocks of 38 and 183 laying hens showed a total drop in egg production of 50 per cent. and 24 per cent. respectively, when they were treated with live virus in the same manner. One flock of 500 immunized with 0•5 c. c. of locally prepared adsorbed killed vaccine and vaccinated with live virus per eye, one month later, showed a good H.I. response without a drop in egg production. Response to the live virus was judged on the production of a serum H.l. titre higher than 1/160. Where good reactions occurred more than 50 per cent. showed a titre of 1/1,280 or higher. The use of the Roakin strain following an inactivated adsorbed vaccine after an adequate period, is recommended as a safe method of vaccinating permanently laying hens and younger stock. The use of the virus per eye does not set up a local inflammation or an increase in mortality.
The domestic pigeon as a possible carrier of Newcastle disease
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Kaschula, V.R.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
When virus was dosed per os with virulent Newcastle disease virus and daily examinations were made of virus in their pooled faeces, virus was recovered on the 12th day. No H.I antibodies were produced. The challenge caused two pigeons to sicken on the 5th day, one of which died on the 8th day while two appeared unaffected. Two controls died and previous experience was that pigeons are highly susceptible to the virulent strain. Surviving pigeons had high H.I titres. It is concluded that the pigeons dosed per os with the virulent virus developed an increased resistance to the challenge. A method of live virus immunization in the pigeon is mentioned.
Changes in the electrophoretic pattern of sera of dogs suffering from various diseases
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Polson, A.; Malherbe, W.D.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
The sera of dogs suffering from three diseases commonly encountered in South Africa, viz. babesiosis, rickettsiosis and distemper, have been examined electrophoretically and compared with normal sera. Diagrams of the electrophoretic patterns are given with a description of changes found in them. These changes are discussed in the light of the present knowledge of the diseases as they affect the body organs. The potential value of electrophoresis in the differential diagnosis of these diseases is discussed, and it is concluded that the available information indicates a degree of specificity which could prove useful for this purpose.
Comparative electrophoretic studies of bovine and human colostrum in relation to neonatal immunity
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Polson, A.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
Since there is no reason to doubt the generally accepted conception that the concentration of ƴ globulins is an accurate index of humoral immunity, it may be concluded that in bovines there is no transplacental transmission of specific immunity and that the acquired passive immunity of the calf results from the ingestion and absorption of the globulins present in high concentration in the colostrum. The human acquires its transmitted passive immunity exclusively in utero to a degree correlated with the immunity of its mother. This immunity is not influenced by the ingestion of colostrum from which the ƴ globulin component is absent.
The occurrence of Eperythrozoon parvum Splitter, 1950 in South African swine
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1952) Jansen, B.C.; Alexander, R.A.; Clark, R.; Louw, J.G.; De Kock, V.E.
(1) The presence of Eperythrozoon parvum in a splenectomised pig at Onderstepoort is recorded. (2) Preliminary studies on the transmission of this parasite suggest that Haematopinus suis may be a vector.

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