1939 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Volume 13, 1939

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/53592

Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 13: Number 1*

Section I: Protozoology

Ovine anaplasmosis : The transmission of Anaplasma ovis and Eperythrozoon ovis to the Blesbuck (Damaliscus albifrons)	Neitz, WO	9

Section II: Virus Diseases

Studies of the Rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever Group in South Africa. I. Isolation of strains	Alexander, RA, Mason, JH & Neitz, WO	19

Studies of the Rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever Group in South Africa. II. Morphology and cultivation	Alexander, RA & Mason, JH	25

Studies of the Rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever Group in South Africa. III. The disease in the experimental animal. Cross-immunity tests	Mason, JH & Alexander, RA	41

Studies of the Rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever Group in South Africa. IV. Discussion and classification	Mason, JH & Alexander, RA	67

Section III: Bacteriology

The antigenic structure of salmonellas obtained from domestic animals and birds in South Africa	Henning, MW	79

Section IV: Parasitology

A tetrachlorethylene emulsion as an anthelmintic	Mönnig, HO & Ortlepp, RJ	193

Section V: Mineral Metabolism and Deficiency

Change in body-weight and food consumption of rats on repeated feeding of a deficiency diet	Kellermann, JH	201

Section VI: Nutrition

The endogenous nitrogen metabolism of young sheep with reference to the estimation of the maintenance requirement of sheep	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	219

Section VII: Toxicology and Poisonous Plants

Chemical investigations upon Lotononis laxa E. and Z.I. The isolation of pinitol, a fatty ester and benzaldehyde	De Waal, HL	229

Section VIII: Wool Research

The cystine content of Merino wool in relation to its physical attributes	Rossouw, SD & Bosman, V	237


*Volume 13: Number 2*

Section I: Protozoology

The immunity in heartwater	Neitz, WO	245

Section II: Virus Diseases

A Rickettsiosis new to South Africa	Schulz, K	287

Section III: Bacteriology

Serological variants of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from South African animals	Henning, MW & Haig, D	293

The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (uncapsulated) variants of Bacillus anthracis	Sterne, M	307

The immunization of laboratory animals against anthrax	Sterne, M	313

Section IV: Mineral Metabolism and Deficiency

On the feeding of a phosphorus supplement to mother-reared calves, prior to weaning, under open range conditions in Bechuanaland	Bisschop, JHR, Malan, AI, Steyn, HP & Laurence, GB	321

Section V: Toxicology

Alkali poisoning	Steyn, DG	347

Section VI: Nutrition

The biological value of white fishmeal as determined on growing sheep and rats	Smuts, DB, Marais, JSC	361

Section VII: Pathology

Quantitative studies upon porphyrin excretion in bovine congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth) No. 2	Fourie, PJJ & Roets, GCS	369

Bovine congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth) inherited as a recessive character	Fourie, PJJ	383

Section VIII: Wool Research

Notes on the determination of the fibre fineness of a Merino wool sample	Bosman, V & Van Wyk, CM	401

Section IX: Anatomy-Teratology

Prenatal growth in the Merino sheep	Cloete, JHL	417

Author index		559

Subject index		561

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 25

Subject index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Du Toit, P.J.
Author index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Du Toit, P.J.
Studies of the rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever group in South Africa. IV. Discussion and classification
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Mason, J.H.; Alexander, R.A.; Du Toit, P.J.
1.The five strains of rickettsia are discussed and compared according to the criteria suggested by Pinkerton (1936). 2. It· is concluded that they fall into two groups: (a) Typhus group – endemic, murine or rat typhus. (b) Rocky Mountain spotted fever group - fievre boutonneuse, strains “Robertson”, “Appleton”, “Hare”, which are similar and show only minor strain differences. 3. A proposed nomenclature is discussed.
Chemical investigations upon Lotononis laxa E. and Z.I. The isolation of pinitol, a fatty ester and benzaldehyde
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) De Waal, H.L.; Du Toit, P.J.
(1) Preliminary chemical investigations upon Lotononis laxa E and Z, a dangerously toxic cyanogenetic plant to stock and occurring in the Lady Grey district, C.P., resulted in the isolation of a fatty ester, pinitol and benzaldehyde. (2) The hydrocyanic-acid content of the dried and powdered plant was still very high, namely 0·26 per cent. and the view is expressed that the cyanogenetic glucoside may be constituted by the combination of a sugar, benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic-acid. Further results will follow when more of the fresh plant has been obtained.
The endogenous nitrogen metabolism of young sheep with reference to the estimation of the maintenance requirement of sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
In a study on the endogenous nitrogen excretion of immature sheep, it was found that young sheep reach their endogenous level on the 6th day, after having been on a standard ration of 14 per cent lucerne protein. The endogenous nitrogen excretion was found to be higher than in mature sheep, the average value for 4 months old wethers being .051 grms. per Kg. A formula for estimating the maintenance requirement of sheep was devised and its application tested. It was also shown that the basal metabolism of sheep can be predicted from the endogenous N, and that the figures arrived at agree very well with the values reported in the literature.
Change in body-weight and food consumption of rats on repeated feeding of a deficiency diet
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Kellermann, J.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
(1) Data are presented on the change in body weight and food intake of young mature rats during the first and second trials on diets deficient in minerals and vitamins ; minerals, vitamins and bulk; and proteins. Data are also given on the loss in-body weight of rats during first and second fasts. (2) The results show that, under the experimental conditions, rats ,which have lost weight as the result of a defective diet, and have then been restored to normal weight by stock ration did not show, as was found by French and Bloomfield, a more rapid weight loss, if now placed for a second time on the same defective diet. As a matter of fact in the majority of cases the animals lost slightly less weight during the second than during the first trial on defective diet. This was true no matter whether the rats had free access to their own excreta or not. (3) Similarly, the food intake of the rats did not differ appreciably during successive periods on the same defective diet.
A tetrachlorethylene emulsion as an anthelmintic
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Mönnig, H.O. (Hermann Otto); Ortlepp, R.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
An emulsion of tetrachlorethylene is described, which is effective against hookworms in sheep (Gaigeria and Bunostomum) and against Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus. The emulsion does not cause coughing and choking when it is administered with reasonable care and does not produce giddiness since absorption is somewhat retarded. The factor of safety is relatively high.
The immunization of laboratory animals against anthrax
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Sterne, Max; Du Toit, P.J.
Guinea-pigs and rabbits can be immunized against anthrax without difficulty; mice as a rule cannot. The very interesting work of Tomcsik and Bodon (1934) and Tomcsik and Ivánovic’s (1938) on the passive immunization of mice supports Ivánovic’s (1938) suggestion that mice have a unique and peculiar immunity mechanism against anthrax . The following experiments were done to see whether mice could be actively immunized with an uncapsulated avirulent anthrax variant, and to compare their reactions with those of guinea-pigs. Uncapsulated variants have been found to immunize guinea-pigs, rabbits, goats, sheep, cattle, and horses; Stamatin and Stamatin (1900), Stamatin (1937), Sterne (1937a, 1937b, 1940).
The antigenic structure of Salmonellas obtained from domestic animals and birds in South Africa
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Henning, M.W.; Du Toit, P.J.
The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (uncapsulated) variants of Bacillus anthracis
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Sterne, Max; Du Toit, P.J.
A technique has been described (Sterne 1937a, 1937b) for consistently obtaining avirulent, immunogenic variants from virnulent anthrax strains. The results of field and laboratory tests with vaccines prepared from such variants will be described in this paper.
Serological variants of Salmonela typhi-murium isolated from South African animals
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Henning, M.W.; Haig, D.; Du Toit, P.J.
A number of epizootics in domestic animals caused by Loefflers Bacterium typhi-murium, containing both factors IV and V, have been described by Henning (1939). In the description given here we have confined ourselves mainly to the study of strains of typhi-murium lacking factor V. These were obtained from outbreaks of paratyphoid in pigeons, horses and cattle.
Studies of the Rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever group in South Africa. III. The disease in the experimental animal. Cross-immunity tests
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Mason, J.H.; Alexander, R.A.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The effect of the rickettsias of rat typhus, tick-bite fever, fievre boutonneuse, and of two other tick-bite-fever-like diseases (" Hare " and "Appleton ") on the guinea-pig, rat, mouse, rabbit, dog, sheep, and ox is recorded. Rat typhus could be maintained in the guinea-pig and rat but not in the sheep, dog or mouse. "Hare", alone of the other four strains, could be easily passaged in guinea-pigs. Only by the use of cultures from the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick could consistently readable reactions be got in guinea-pigs with the tick-bite fever and fievre boutonneuse strains. 2. A Weil-Felix reaction was obtained with the sera of rabbits inoculated with rat typhus, "Hare" and tick-bite fever. With rat typhus, OX19 was agglutinated by the sera of ten infected animals, OX2 by none and OXK by one serum only; with "Hare" one of nine sera agglutinated OX2, doubtfully OX19 and not OXK; one other serum agglutinated OX19 only. The serum of one of seven tick-bite-fever rabbits agglutinated, in a doubtful fashion, OX19 only. The serum of rats, infected with rat typhus, agglutinated OX19 only and that of guinea-pigs, infected with rat typhus and carrying a banal proteus in their intestine did not agglutinate any one of the three proteus OX strains. 3. Details are given of the duration of infectivity of the brain, blood, and tunica vaginalis of guinea-pigs infected with rat typhus and "Hare". The brain of rat-typhus-infected guinea-pigs was virulent after 22 days, the blood after 21 days, and the tunica after 12 days. The brain of "Hare" -infected guinea-pigs was virulent after 15 days and the blood after 13 days. 4. One two-thousandth hut not 1/4000 of the brain of a rat-typhus-infected guinea-pig was virulent. Much of the virus could be deposited from brain by centrifugation at 4,000 r.p.m. for half-an-hour, and all but a trace was removed at 14,000 r.p.m. for half-an-hour. 5. Attempts to neutralize the various rickettsias in vitro gave unsatisfactory results. 6. Cross-immunity experiments in guinea-pigs permitted the grouping of the 5 typhus strains in the following manner:- (a) Rat-typhus. - Immunized against itself and to a great extent against the other four typhus-like diseases. (b) "Hare", tick-bite fever, "Appleton" and fievre boutonneuse. -Gave almost complete reciprocal cross-immunity, but did not immunize against rat-typhus.
Studies of the Rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever Group in South Africa. II. Morphology and cultivation
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Alexander, R.A.; Mason, J.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
In the previous article (this journal) details were given of the source and method of isolation of five strains of rickettsia. These strains have been maintained either by serial passage in guinea pigs, or by cultivation on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick embryo, or by both methods. In this paper the microscopic appearance of the scrotal exudate and method of egg-membrane cultivation will be described and the morphology of the rickettsias compared particularly in view of Pinkerton's classification of this group of organisms.
Studies of the Rickettsias of the Typhus-Rocky-Mountain-Spotted-Fever Group in South Africa. I. Isolation of strains
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Alexander, R.A.; Mason, J.H.; Neitz, W.O.; Du Toit, P.J.
Research work into heartwater, a disease of sheep, goats and cattle caused by Rickettsia ruminantium (Cowdry 1926) has been hampered to a very great extent by the lack of a susceptible small laboratory animal. Up to the present all efforts to infect the guinea pig, rabbit, rat, and mouse have been quite unsuccessful. It was, therefore, decided to procure one or more strains of the typhus group of rickettsias, which are pathogenic for guinea pigs, to serve as a positive control for certain technique and experimental methods. During the course of this work other rickettsia were encountered and ultimately were compared with a strain of fièvre boutonneuse kindly supplied by Dr. Balozet of Tunis. The present series of papers is presented to record the observation that have been made, in the hope that the data may be of value in helping to clarify the somewhat confused position of the South African rickettsias in the current literature.
Prenatal growth in the Merino sheep
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Cloete, J.H.L.; Du Toit, P.J.
LITERATURE on prenatal growth in mammals is reviewed. A comprehensive series of measurements was made on the genital tracts of Merino ewes, 11 non-pregnant and 38 at various stages of pregnancy, and also on the foetuses. Data on the endocrine and mammary glands are also presented. During pregnancy the entire genital tract (except the Fallopian tubes) enlarges by active growth, which occurs earlier in the body and horns of the uterus than in the vagina and cervix. The placenta reaches its maximum about midterm and then decreases in weight. The fetal membranes increase steadily in weight throughout pregnancy. Amniotic fluid increases rapidly in volume until the 3rd mth., then decreases, but this decrease is balanced during the 4th mth. by increase in volume of allantoic fluid, which continues to full term to give an accumulation of total fluid during the 5th mth. The mammary gland begins to increase in weight in the 4th mth., but the major growth occurs in the last mth. Large individual variations were found in the growth of the maternal endocrine glands. Foetal length and weight growth can be represented by: LogeDimension = a+bLogeAge+c(LogeAge)2. There is no abrupt break in % growth rate curves of length and weight; length of vertebral column is the most satisfactory length measurement, while because of its high coefficient of variation, the weight/length ratio has little value as an age index. The theory is advanced that the proportions of the growing fetus change as a result of differential rates of retardation of regional growth, retardation in any region being proportional to the lapse of time since growth began there. Correlation coefficients between all pairs of measurements are given; in all cases total correlations are high and significant but are due almost entirely to the common growth trend. A simple nomogram is presented by which age may be read from one or more dimensions. The fetus tends to be carried in the horn corresponding to the ovary with the corpus luteum; there is no significant difference between numbers carried in each horn. An approximate correction for the weight of the fetal system in pregnant ewes may be made by the formula: Nett weight of ewe = Gross weight-Antilog (-3.0337+2.3891 Loge Gestational Age)
Notes on the determination of the fibre fineness of a Merino wool sample
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Bosman, V.; Van Wyk, C.M.; Du Toit, P.J.
The technique for determining the fibre fineness of a sample of wool as used in South Africa is outlined. The methods of cutting the fibre bundle into fragments and the mounting of these on a slide are described. The effect of ether used for mixing the wool fragments and the Euparal mounting medium are described. The method of measurement, the system of recording the results and the number of fibres to be measured in Merino wool are recorded. The weight-length method for determining fibre fineness, suggested for arbitration purposes, is discussed and difficulties peculiar to this method are enumerated.
Bovine congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth) inherited as a recessive character
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Fourie, P.J.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
l. In mating a bull (7015) being a carrier of the porphyrin gene (Dr) to ten unrelated heifers, 8 calves were produced. These are all clinically normal. This is regarded as evidence that the inherited character is not dominant. 2. In mating bull 7015 (Dr) to his own daughters the results are (a) 7019 had 3 normal calves. 7019 is therefore probably a DD (b) 7021 had 2 calves. The first calf suffered from congenital porphyrinuria. The second calf is normal. She is therefore a carrier (Dr). (c) 7022 had 3 calves, two are normal, the 3rd is a case of pink tooth. She is therefore undoubtedly a carrier (Dr). (d) 7023 is an affected heifer (rr). She had one calf, also an affected case. (c) 7024 is not a daughter, but related to bull 7015 through her own sire. She had one affected calf, 7023, and one normal calf 7029. This normal calf was mated to her own father (bull 7015) and a normal calf was produced. 7024 is therefore a carrier (Dr) and her calf 7029 may be either completely normal (DD) or a carrier (Dr). These results indicate that bovine congenital porphyrinuria is a recessive character. 3. The recessive character was probably introduced into the Swaziland herd by bull No. 2 used by the owner. This bull was apparently never used on his own daughters and as the character is not dominant, no cases were seen in that herd during the time of his reign. The 3rd bull No. 7015 was bred out of the same herd as bull No. 2. They were therefore related and probably inherited the recessive character from the same sire, the bull Royal Regent. Bull 7015 was therefore mated to related females and within a relatively short time, 13 cases of the condition were observed in that herd, whilst the bull 7015 was being used as a sire. 4. When the Friesland bull Kamnatie Charles was inbred to his own daughters two cases of the condition were observed. This bull is therefore a carrier (Dr). He is related to a grade Friesland cow, suffering from the condition (rr) (Cedara Case).
Quantitative studies upon porphyrin excretion in bovine congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth) No. 2
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Fourie, P.J.J.; Roets, G.C.S.; Du Toit, P.J.
In this paper the authors intend to record results concerning the quantitative porphyrin excretion during different times of the year by bovines suffering from congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth) and at the same time data are presented concerning the relative porphyrin excretion in bovine congenital porphyrinuria in a completely normal bovine and in apparently normal bovines.
The biological value of white fishmeal as determined on growing sheep and rats
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1939) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
By means of nitrogen metabolism experiments with white fish meal on rats and sheep, it was found that the apparent and true digestibilities of the white fishmeal protein are respectively 79 and 97 percent with rats and 63 and 87 per cent with sheep. The biological value as determined by rats at approximately 9 per cent protein level is 90 and for sheep at approximately 14 percent level 74. It is concluded that white fishmeal is a good protein feed for growing sheep.
On the feeding of a phosphorus supplement to mother-reared calves, prior to weaning, under open range conditions in Bechuanaland
(The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1939) Bisschop, J.H.R.; Malan, A.I.; Steyn, H.P.; Laurence, G.B.; Du Toit, P.J.
The results are presented of an experiment to ascertain whether a regular supplement of bonemeal given to calves up to weaning age would be beneficial to their growth and development, in comparison with a comparable group of calves which received no bonemeal up to weaning. From weaning onwards, both groups was the same. All the calves were weighed and measured every 30 days from birth until the conclusion of the test at 480 days of age. They were tested for osteophagia at fortnightly intervals and a blood-sample for inorganic blood phosphorus determination was collected from each calf at approximately monthly intervals. The results are compared with data which were collected on comparable calves, not included in the experiment. They were born out of cows which received no bonemeal supplement and therefore gave to their calves, on the average 496 lb less milk than did the bonemeal fed dams of the calves in the experiment. This comparison demonstrates the effect of a decreased milk intake upon growth and development.

Browse

Recent Submissions