1938 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Volume 11, 1938

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 11: Number 1*

Section I: Virus Diseases

Studies on the neurotropic virus of horsesickness VI. Propagation in the developing chick embryo	Alexander, RA	9

Section II: Parasitology

South African helminths. Part III. Some mammalian and avian cestodes	Ortlepp, RJ	23

South African helminths. Part IV. Cestodes from Columbiformes	Ortlepp, RJ	51

South African helminths. Part V. Some avian and mammalian helminths	Ortlepp, RJ	63

Section III: Mineral Metabolism and Deficiency

Sulphur metabolism. VI. The effect of various levels of fats and proteins in the ration on the toxicity of elementary sulphur	Kellerman, JH	107

Sulphur metabolism. VII. The effect of the acid-base balance of the ration on the toxicity of elementary sulphur	Kellerman, JH	113

Sulphur metabolism. VIII. The effect of incomplete rations on the toxicity elementary sulphur	Kellerman, JH	121

Section IV: Nutrition

The endogenous nitrogen metabolism of sheep with special reference to the maintenance requirement of protein	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	131

The basal metabolism of 3 to 4 weeks old White Leghorn chickens	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	141

Plant proteins. III. The supplementary effect amongst certain plant proteins	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	151

Section V: Plant Physiology and Poisonous Plants

The influence of frequency of cutting on yield, chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of some grass species	Louw, JG	163

Section VI: Toxicology

The toxicity of some dipping fluids containing arsenic and sulphur	Steyn, DG & Bekker, PM	247


*Volume 11: Number 2*

Section I: Virus Diseases

Immunization against Rinderpest, with special reference to the use of dried goat spleen	Pfaff, G	263

Section II: Bacteriology

The isolation of Cl. welchii, type B, from foals affected with dysentery	Mason, JH & Robinson, EM	333

Section III: Physiology

Studies on the alimentary tract of Merino sheep in South Africa. IV. Description of experimental technique	Quin, JI, Van der Wath, JG & Myburgh, S	341

Studies on the alimentary tract of Merino sheep in South Africa. V. The motility of the rumen under various conditions	Quin, JI & Van der Wath, JG	361

Section IV: Chemical Pathology

Coproporphyrin excretion in East Coast Fever of cattle	Roets, GCS	385

Section V: Nutrition

Plant proteins. IV. The biological values of soyabeans, linseedmeal and soyabeans supplemented by cystine	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	391

Plant proteins. V. The biological value of lucerne and lucerne supplemented by cystine in sheep	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	399

Plant proteins. VI. The amino acid deficiencies in certain plant proteins	Smuts, DB & Marais, JSC	407

Section VI: Haematology

The blood of the ostrich	De Villiers, OT	419

Author index		505

Subject index		506

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 23

The blood of the ostrich
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) De Villiers, O.T.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Methods are described for collecting blood and preparing smears from the ostrich. 2. Ostrich blood usually has a very prolonged coagulation time and often it fails to coagulate if drawn directly from a blood vessel without coming into contact with the tissues. Heparin (1 mgm. to 5 c.c. blood) invariably prevented coagulation and it had no deleterious effect on the blood. 3. Various methods recommended for counting leucocytes in avian blood were tried on ostrich blood. Wiseman’s method was found to be the best. 4. Morphological and biochemical studies of the blood of twenty-two ostriches were made, and the average values and ranges obtained for the blood of normal ostriches are given. 5. The average total blood volume was 5.466 c.c. and its weight expressed as a percentage of the average body weight was 5.8. The total blood volume ranged from 5.220 to 6.355 c.c. and its weight constituted 5.2 to 6.3 per cent. of the body weight. 6. Cell types corresponding to those seen in fowl blood occur in ostrich blood. These have been described.
Subject index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
Plant proteins. VI. The amino acid deficiencies in certain plant proteins
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
By means of the paired feeding method, the possible indispensable amino acid deficiencies of peanutmeal, coprameal, linseedmeal and soyabeanmeal have been investigated. It has been found that peanutmeal is not deficient in cystine, tryptophane or lysine, but may be in the light of investigations which appeared after the work had been completed, deficient in methionine. Coprameal is not deficient in cystine, while linseedmeal and soyabeanmeal are definitely deficient in cystine.
Plant proteins. V. The biological value of lucerne and lucerne supplemented by cystine in sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. By means of the balance-sheet method, it has been shown that the biological value of lucerne protein for sheep is 60 and that the addition of cysteine does not effect this biological value. 2. The apparent digestibility of lucerne protein has been found to be 75 per cent. and the true digestibility 91 per cent. The addition of cystine depresses the apparent digestibility and to a slight extent the true digestibility, the average figures being 61 and 80 per cent. respectively. 3. It has been shown that cystine is not a limiting factor in lucerne protein when fed to mature sheep.
Plant proteins. IV. The biological values of soyabeans, linseedmeal and soyabeans supplemented by cystine
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
By means of the nitrogen balance-sheet method a biological value of 55 for soyabeans and 78 for linseedmeal at approximately 8 per cent. level has been obtained. Utilizing the same method, and substituting an equivalent amount of soyabean nitrogen by .20 per cent. cystine it was found that cystine supplemented soyabean protein effectively and increased the utilization of its nitrogen by 19 per cent.
Author index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
Coproporphyrin excretion in East Coast Fever of cattle
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Roets, G.C.S.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Coproporphyrin I and coproporphyrin III were isolated from the faeces and urine of cattle suffering from East Coast Fever. 2. The ratio of the I to the III series in the faeces of one animal was 1 : 1.15, whilst in that of another only traces of the I series could be detected. 3. In an accumulated sample of coproporphyrins extracted from the urine of East Coast Fever cattle the ratio of the I to the III series was found to be 1 : 0.31.
Studies on the alimentary tract of Merino sheep in South Africa. V. The motility of the rumen under various conditions
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Quin, J.I.; Van der Wath, J.G.; Du Toit, P.J.
Experiments conducted on sheep with ruminal fistula have shown that normal ruminal movement may undergo very considerable variations from any rhythm that may be temporarily established. In this respect it is essentially the strength of the individual contractions as well as the spacing of the movement s which may undergo a sudden change rather than the rate and the tonus of the rumen, both of which remain far more constant. An interesting feature is the extensive degree of relaxation undergone by the ruminal musculature between the actual contractions. During these periods of rest the intra-ruminal pressure usually falls well below zero, values of -5 to -15 mm. H₂O pressure being frequently encountered, At the height of contraction the intra-luminal pressure may rise from +20 to +129 mm. H₂O, with an average of ±70 mm. Feeding in every instance causes a very significant acceleration in the movement of the rumen, this being due in all probability to vagus reflexes initiated in the pharynx and oesophagus, and closely associated with mastication and deglutition. In some animals the mere sight of food may initiate reflex acceleration of ruminal movement. This effect is, however, neither as constant nor as strong as that noticeable during actual feeding. The type of food exerts little, if any, effect on the ruminal rhythm, although contractions tend to become small when animals are kept on a ration comprised exclusively of concentrates. Complete starvation as a rule causes no definite change in the rate of ruminal movement up to the third or even fourth day, although the excursions may become progressively smaller. After this period all movements may, however, disappear completely. Following renewed feeding after such prolonged starvation, definite delay in the return of movements and also of the appetite is frequently noticeable. The influence of water on the rumen is much less specific seeing that neither the sight of water nor actual drinking causes any appreciable change in the motility of the rumen. Moreover, wide extremes of temperature ranging from 0 °C. to 50 °C. following the dosing of 1 litre of either iced or warm water cause very little change in normal motility. With regard to the influence of various mineral salts, it has been established that small doses of a copper sulphate solution, as well as similar solutions of silver nitrate and nicotine sulphate, when dosed on to the back of the tongue all cause very profound changes in ruminal rhythm, due again probably to a vagal reflex. Al other mineral salts tested out so far have failed to provoke this characteristic response from the rumen. Potassium cyanide in small doses per os causes a rapid though transitory paralysis of all ruminal movements. In addition to the mineral salts, various other substances have also been tested for their action on the rumen. Of these, Lentin (Merck) and Esmodil (Bayer) have been found to cause a well-marked stimulation of ruminal movement, while acetyl-choline causes an acute though transitory paralysis. Pilocarpine and arecoline also cause significant stimulation of ruminal movement. Adrenaline subcutaneously in doses of 2 c.c. (1 : 1000) was found to exert little, if any, change in ruminal motility.
Studies on the alimentary tract of Merino sheep in South Africa. IV. Description of experimental technique
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Quin, J.I.; Van der Wath, J.G.; Myburgh, S.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The importance is stressed of a more intensive study of digestion in ruminant animals, whose food, apart from being disintegrated by enzymes liberated from the digestive tract itself, is first of all subjected to a predigestion, the significance of which is as yet not fully recognised. Through the action of a varied and rich bacterial flora accompanied by large numbers of different species of infusoria, the food mass is exposed to carefully controlled fermentation occurring within the forestomachs and similar in many respects to that occurring in silage fermentation. 2. In order to study the different stages in the process of digestion, the use of permanent bowel fistulae in experimental animals has been widely resorted to in the past, and an account is given of some of the experimental methods which have been used. 3. An account is given of our experimental technique which involves the use of suitable ebonite fistula tubes and the creation of permanent “closed” fistulae at different levels of the digestive tract of adult Merino sheep. 4. In this study attention has thus far been devoted mainly to some phenomena exhibited within the rumen of fistula sheep, kept on various controlled diets. 5. A method has been devised whereby any pressure change occurring within the rumen could be accurately recorded on slow moving kymographs and the limits of fluctuation in the motility of this organ registered under varying conditions. 6. The technique is described whereby samples of ingesta could repeatedly be collected from the rumen and subjected both to chemical and bacteriological study. 7. By the use of a large water manometer attached to the rumen fistula, continuous volume recording of gas from the rumen could be conducted under constant pressure. Likewise repeated sampling of gas for chemical analysis could simultaneously be undertaken. 8. Methods are described whereby different materials could be administered through the fistula opening directly into the rumen. By enclosing small samples of a variety of foodstuffs within cylindrical bags made from thin natural silk and subsequently suspending these within the food mass of the rumen, the rate at which disintegration took place as also its nature, could be followed microscopically.
The isolation of Cl. welchii, type B, from foals affected with dysentery
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Mason, J.H.; Robinson, E.M.; Du Toit, P.J.
An outbreak of dysentery in foals is recorded. The symptoms and post-mortem lesions have much in common with those of lamb dysentery. From the intestinal contents of two foals, Cl. welchii, type B (the lamb dysentery or Bloedpens bacillus) was isolated.
Immunization against Rinderpest, with special reference to the use of dried goat spleen
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1938) Pfaff, G.; Du Toit, P.J.
(a) The various methods of immunizing against rinderpest are briefly summarised, the use of goat adapted virus being dealt with more fully. (b) Experiments leading up to the production of a vaccine prepared from dried goat spleen are described. (c) The dried vaccine is prepared from the spleen of a goat destroyed on the fourth day after injection with goat adapted virus. The spleen is minced in a Latapie and the pulp rapidly dried in vacuo over calcium chloride. (d) Packed in a thermos jar of ice, which is replenished every third day, the vaccine is emulsified in normal saline immediately before use, and used in a dose of one gram for 400 cattle and one gram for 2 400 buffaloes, although experiments have shown that 0.00025 gram s equally effective for cattle. (e) Immunity commences within twenty-four hours and is solid within forty-eight hours. It endures for at least 755 days, the limit to which it has so far been tested. (f) 576 782 cattle and 42 108 buffaloes were inoculated during the fifteen months ending 31st March 1938. The mortality in them was 0.092 per cent. in cattle and 1.78 per cent. in buffaloes. Complete reports are not yet available, but those received show that from October 1935, to 31st March 1938, 759 792 cattle and 62 474 buffaloes were inoculated. (g) The opinion is expressed that to confer lasting immunity tissue vaccines must contain living virus.
The toxicity of some dipping fluids containing arsenic and sulphur
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Bekker P.M.; Steyn, Douw G.
1. Experiments to determine the toxic doses of some dipping fluids containing arsenic and sulphur are described. 2. It appears that in all the more common forms of arsenical preparations, which are soluble in water, the m.l.d. for rabbits can be calculated on the basis of approximately 0•014 gm. of As₂0₃ per Kg. of body-weight. Sheep, cattle and horses are more susceptible than rabbits to arsenic. 3. The m.l.d. of diluted (dipping-strength concentration) Capex Lime Sulphur Dip for rabbits is approximately 7.5 c.c. per Kg. of body-weight and for sheep approximately 15 to 20 c.c. per Kg. of body -weight. 4. In dipping-strength concentration Tarzan Lime Sulphur Dip and Nelson's Polysulphide Dip possess approximately the same degree of toxicity as Capex Lime Sulphur Dip.
The influence of frequency of cutting on the yield, chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of some grass species
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Louw, J.G.; Marais, J.S.; Du Toit, P.J.
Five species of indigenous grasses, namely Cloris gayana, Setaria Lindenbergiana, Cencrus Ciliaris, Digitaria Pentzii Pretoria small, and Panicum Maximum, were established each in five replications on 25 plots, each measuring (24 x 17) square feet, in a Latin Square arrangement. Each plot was again subdivided into five equal portions and a different treatment allocated at random to each subplot within a main plot. The effective cutting area of a subplot measured (22 x 3) square feet. The experiment covered two growing seasons and various treatments were applied. The objects of the investigation were to study the effect of the treatments on the yield, chemical composition, digestibility and the nutritive value of the grasses under natural conditions of soil and climate. To test the digestibility the produce obtained under any one cutting treatment for all the species was combined as a single sample. Three adult Merino wethers were employed and the hay samples were tested in nine successive periods. Since the results obtained with the grass species studied on the particular type of soil and under the climatic conditions obtaining during the two seasons of the investigation may not be taken to apply generally, it is not possible to lay down clear directions for the practical man. Nevertheless from a consideration of the evidence of the data obtained in this experiment as a whole it seems to be a warrantable conclusion that a system of cutting grasses at approximately 2-monthly intervals during the growing season for the purpose of providing feed during times of scarcity will result in the most economical utilisation of indigenous grass species under natural conditions.
South African helminths. Part III. Some mammalian and avian cestodes
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Ortlepp, R.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
The writer here describes eight new species of Cestodes, three from mammals and five from birds; the mammalian species are Inermicapsifer leporis sp. n. from a hare, Catenotaenia geosciuri sp. n. from a suricat. The avian species are Railiettina (Skrjabinia) deweti sp. n. from a guinea fowl, Schistometra korhaani sp. n. from a bustard, Onderstepoortia taeniaeformis gen. and sp. n. from a stone curlew, Cladotaenia freani sp. n. and Cladotaenia vulturi from birds of prey.
Studies on the neurotropic virus of horsesickness VI. Propagation in the developing chick embryo
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Alexander, R.A.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The technique for seeding eggs for the propagation of neurotropic horsesickness virus in the developing chick embryo is described in detail. 2. It is found that the virus retains its neurotropic character and multiplies in the brain of the embryo; little if any multiplication takes place on the chorio-allantoic membrane or in the body of the embryo. 3. 'I'he titre of the virus reaches a peak after 4-5 days incubation at 37° C. after which there is a progressive fall in virus content; after 8 days only traces of virus are detectable. 4. The virus produces no macroscopically detectable lesion on the membrane and only slight heamorrhagic infiltration in the brain. 5. The virus exerts no specific lethal action on the embryo. Several chicks have hatched and were found to retain no virus in the brain. 6. The embryo mortality ratio amongst seeded eggs during the first 5 days of incubation does not exceed 4 per cent. 7. The possibility of using the chick embryo method for the propagation of virus for vaccine production is discussed.
Plant proteins III. The supplementary effect amongst certain plant proteins
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
By means of the paired feeding method, it has been shown that the addition of cystine to lucerne significantly enhances the growth promoting properties of the latter, and that when peanutmeal is supplemented by oatmeal the resulting protein mixture is superior to that of peanutmeal alone. Nitrogen metabolism studies conducted on the same rations showed that the incorporation of •20 per cent. cystine in a lucerne ration definitely increased the biological value of lucerne, that no supplementation exists between peanutmeal and lucernemeal, and that supplementation occurs between peanutmeal and oatmeal.
The basal metabolism of 3 to 4 weeks old White Leghorn chickens
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. By the application of the mold method the individual surface area of 17 chickens of approximately one month of age were determined and formulae evolved for the prediction of the surface area. The value for K in the Meeh formula was found to be 11•2, while by the method of least squares a formula equivalent to S = 36•31 W ⁴⁵⁷ was obtained. 2. The basal heat production of one-month-old chickens, when expressed per square meter of body surface, was found to be 891 calories per day. If the formula of Mitchell for estimating- the surface area is applied, the basal heat production becomes 1,085 calories per day. 3. It appears that the highest basal metabolism in chickens is reached between 3½ to 4½weeks.
The endogenous nitrogen metabolism of sheep with special reference to the maintenance requirement of protein
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Smuts, D.B.; Marais, J.S.C.; Du Toit, P.J.
By means of a nitrogen free diet the time period for the attainment of the endogenous nitrogen level has been established in sheep. It appears that the preliminary protein period is a determining factor in the length of the nitrogen free period. Sheep on a 14 per cent. protein were reduced to endogenous level in 14 to 15 days, while sheep kept on an 8 per cent. protein attain the endogenous level from the sixth to the eighth day of nitrogen-free feeding. The partition of the urinary end products on a nitrogen free ration is discussed and special consideration is given to the maintenance requirement of sheep. It has been shown in this study, that the maintenance requirement of protein of a 100 lb. sheep is less than advocated in the usual standards.
Sulphur metabolism VIII. The effect of incomplete rations on the toxicity of elementary sulphur
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Kellerman, J.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Experiments are described in which were studied the effects of incomplete rations on the toxicity of elementary sulphur. 2. The incorporation of sulphur in the diet exerted toxic effects only when the basal ration itself could not support normal growth as the result of one or more deficiencies. The chief effect of sulphur under such conditions was to reduce food consumption per animal but not per unit body weight. 3. It •would seem that vitamins, proteins and minerals were all equally important in counteracting the deleterious effects of the sulphur. 4 . Although the rats lost considerably in weight when sulphur was added to the defective diets, the livers of the animals that were killed at the conclusion of the experiment did not show any constant pathological change whereas the same organs of those animals that died during the experiment exhibited haemorrhagic necrotic areas with slight or more advanced interstitial hepatitis.
Sulphur metabolism VII. The effect of the acid-base balance of the ration on the toxicity of elementary sulphur
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1938) Kellerman, J.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Data are presented on the relation of the acid-base balance of the ration to the effects of elementary sulphur on food utilization and the well-being of rats. 2. The efficiency quotient on the base-forming rations was significantly better than on the acid-forming ones, and the addition of elementary sulphur to these rations significantly lowered the efficiency index on both base- and acid-forming diets. 3. The efficiency quotient of the males was superior to that of the females. 4. No interaction between diets or between sex and diets appeared to be significant. 5. No pathological changes could be found in the livers of rats fed the various acid- and base-forming rations no matter whether they were supplemented with elementary sulphur or not.

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