1964 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 31, 1964

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 31: Number 1*

The ability of Group III viruses associated with infertility in cattle in South Africa to infect the respiratory tract	Mare, CJ	3

Observations on helminths parasitic in warthogs and bushpigs	Ortlepp, RJ	11

Some helminths recovered from red- and yellow-billed hornbills from the Kruger National Park	Ortlepp, RJ	39

Haemonchus krugeri sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from an impala (Aepyceros meiampus)	Ortlepp, RJ	53

The role of carbon dioxide as stimulant and attractant to the sand tampan, Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin)	Nevill, EM	59

An improved technique for measuring the in vivo rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen	Grosskopf, JFW	69

Contributions to the study of blood constituents in domestic animals in South Africa. 1. Normal values for methaemoglobin reductase, erythrocyte fragility, blood glutathione, plasma catalase and the total erythrocyte pyridine nucleotides in sheep	Wagner, AM	77

The excretion of biuret in the urine of sheep fed biuret	Gray, RS & Clarke, R	91

Ovum production: action of various gonadotrophins in sheep and goats	Van Rensburg, SJ	97


*Volume 31: Number 2*

Investigations into the pH stability of bluetongue virus and its survival in mutton and beef	Owen, NC	109

The significance of the endotoxin and pyogenic factor of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in immunity	Cameron, CM	119

The epizootiology of nematode parasites of sheep in the Karoo	Viljoen, JH	133

The epizootiology of nematode parasites of sheep in the coastal area of the Eastern Province	Rossiter, LW	143

The epizootiology of nematode parasites of sheep in the Border area	Barrow, DB	151

The pathological physiology of Ostertagia circumcincta infestation	Horak, IG & Clark, R	163

Author index		177

Subject index		178

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Subject index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1964) Jansen, B.C.
Author index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1964) Jansen, B.C.
The pathological physiology of Ostertagia circumcincta infestation
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Horak, Ivan Gerard; Clark, R.; Jansen, B.C.
I. Trials are described in which six sheep and one goat were artificially infested with O. circumcincta and their reactions studied in detail. 2. The main pathological findings were: (i) Marked decrease in packed red cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and circulating red blood cell volume. (ii) A sharp drop in plasma inorganic phosphate which occurred in five of the seven animals. (iii) Anorexia, decreased apparent nitrogen absorption and weight loss or retarded weight gain. (iv) A decrease in plasma albumin, gamma globulin and total circulating plasma proteins. 3. Egg counts were low even with large worm burdens. 4. On reinfestation two sheep cleared themselves of the original and challenging infestation. 5. Large numbers of larvae were necessary to cause death.
The epizootiology of nematode parasites of sheep in the Border area
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Barrow, D.B.; Jansen, B.C.
Two experiments to determine the seasonal incidence of nematode parasites of sheep are described. These were based on differential egg counts and a comparison between critical slaughter trials and egg counts. Trichostrongylus, the dominant parasite, reached peak worm egg counts in May, Oesophagostomum in September, Ostertagia in March, Nematodirus in April and Trichuris in June. Haemonchus contortus reached peak egg counts in December, January or February and, in the critical slaughter trials, in May. Since there was close correlation between egg counts and worm burdens, the summer peak would probably have been noted if sheep had been killed during these months. Except for H. contortus, egg count data could not be correlated with worm burdens in the slaughtered sheep. Strategic dosing is recommended in December, March and June.
The epizootiology of nematode parasites of sheep in the coastal area of the Eastern Province
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Rossiter, L.W.; Jansen, B.C.
An experiment comparing critical slaughter results with egg count data collected ante mortem is described. Haemonchus contortus was prevalent from December to April; Ostertagia spp. from October to December; Trichostrongylus spp. from July to August. No obvious trends were discernible either with Oesophagostomum columbianum or Nematodirus spathiger, although larval stages of both species were plentiful from mid-summer to autumn. Strategic dosing is recommended in October, December and April.
The epizootiology of nematode parasites of sheep in the Karoo
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Viljoen, J.H.; Jansen, B.C.
Total and differential worm counts were carried out post mortem on sheep slaughtered at regular intervals at the Grootfontein College of Agriculture, Middelburg, Cape Province. Fourth stage larvae were recovered at every autopsy. Usually the larvae exceeded the number of adult worms in H. contortus and O. columbianum. There was a positive correlation between faecal egg counts and adult worm burdens of H. contortus and to a lesser extent O. columbianum and Trichostrongylus spp. Strategic dosing is recommended in April, September and December.
The significance of the endotoxin and pyogenic factor of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in immunity
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Jansen, B.C.
Two fluid media and methods for the cultivation of C. pseudotuberculosis are described. An average yield of 1·3747 and 0·8566 gm of dry cells per litre was obtained in the respective media. An erythrogenic endotoxin and a pyogenic factor, occurring only in cells grown on blood tryptose agar, have been demonstrated. The endotoxin is inactivated by formalin, but not by phenol, while the reverse is true for the pyogenic factor. Immunity tests in guinea-pigs have shown that cells containing these antigens have appreciably greater immunizing power than those without. This immunogenicity is reduced to a marked degree when the cells are killed by beta-propiolactone, but not by formalin or phenol.
Investigations into the pH stability of bluetongue virus and its survival in mutton and beef
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Owen, N.C.; Jansen, B.C.
Experiments are reported in which the in vitro pH stability of bluetongue virus as well as the survival of this virus in muscle of mutton and beef carcasses, have been investigated. (a) A marked loss of infectivity occurred between pH 6·1 and pH 6·3 under laboratory conditions when bluetongue virus was subjected to those hydrogen ion concentrations normally encountered in carcass meat. (b) The survival of bluetongue virus in carcass meat appears to be dependent upon the post-mortal pH changes. The virus was shown to persist for a period of 30 days at 4⁰C in an ovine carcass, where the pH failed to drop below pH 6·3. On the other hand, meat with a pH in the region of 5·4, did not contain infective virus. (c) A bovine carcass was shown to contain infective bluetongue virus on the tenth day after artificial infection, although no clinical signs of disease were encountered. (d) There appeared to be a greater tendency for bluetongue virus to be present in the M. gluteus than in the M. longissimus dorsi.
Ovum production: action of various gonadotrophins in sheep and goats
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Van Rensburg, S.J.; Jansen, B.C.
Following progesterone pre-treatment a total of 45 anoestrous ewes consisting of equal numbers of Merino, Angora, and Boergoat ewes was treated with gonadotrophin according to three different schedules. Detailed observations were made on behavioural response and, at laparotomy, on ovarian morphology and ovum recovery. Merino ewes showed the highest overall ovulation rate (7·1) followed by Boergoat (4·8) and Angora ewes (3·0). Pregnant mare serum (PMS) was highly variable in sheep and resulted in poor responses in goats. A horse anterior pituitary gonadotrophin (HAP) resulted in variable but marked follicular growth in all breeds; however, in goats the majority of follicles failed to ovulate. PMS combined with simultaneous human chorionic gonadotrophin (PMS/HCG) suppressed ovulation to some extent in sheep but markedly potentiated follicular growth and ovulation in goats and was the most predictable of the three gonadotrophins. A small but significant difference of total follicular growth in favour of the right ovary was found. Large persistent follicles were encountered in most animals and increased proportionally with the number of ovulations. These follicles persisted up to 70 hours after oestrous onset, where after regression was rapid. Excessive follicles were accompanied by an increased incidence of unfertilized ova. Recovery of cleaved ova was also seriously hampered by accelerated tubal transport in Merino ewes, but no such phenomenon was encountered in goat ewes, which in fact exhibited evidence of retarded tubal transport of ova in relation to oestrous onset. Oestrus commenced in 84 per cent of all animals on the second or third day following gonadotrophin treatment and was longer than usual with PMS and considerably shortened by PMS/ HCG. Excessive persistent follicles hastened the onset of oestrus but the numbers of follicles and ovulations had no effect on oestrous duration. Indirect evidence that the endogenous luteinizing hormone contribution is optimal in sheep, marginal in Boergoats and deficient in Angora goats is discussed and a relationship to the high incidence of gestational failure in Angora ewes suggested.
The excretion of biuret in the urine of sheep fed biuret
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Gray, R.S.; Clark, R.; Jansen, B.C.
Contributions to the study of blood constituents in domestic animals in South Africa. 1. Normal values for methaemoglobin reductase, erythrocyte fragility, blood glutathione, plasma catalase and the total erythrocyte pyridine nucleotides in sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Wagner, Adriana, M.; Jansen, B.C.
Blood analysis figures obtained from two groups of sheep of different geographical origin are presented. The one group emanated from the Karoo and the other from the Transvaal grassland. Substantial differences between groups for all factors excepting pyridine nucleotides are demonstrated. It is suggested that these differences may reflect basic disturbances in apparently healthy Karoo sheep connected with the aetiology of geeldikkop and enzootic icterus.
An improved technique for measuring the in vivo rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Grosskopf, J.F.W. (Johannes Friedrich Wagner); Jansen, B.C.
A practical method for the determination and expression of the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen is described.
The role of carbon dioxide as stimulant and attractant to the sand tampan, Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin)
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Nevill, E.M.; Jansen, B.C.
Sand tampans cause irritation and losses among cattle in the sand veld areas of the Kalahari and South West Africa. They appear above the ground in response to a stimulus. The nature of this stimulus was investigated in the laboratory and in the field, in the hope that the knowledge so gained would lead to a means of control. These studies showed carbon-dioxide to be the main factor which caused tampans to surface. In the laboratory concentrations of 5 per cent CO₂ and higher proved to be effective stimulants. In the field 100 per cent CO₂ was used, liberated from a cylinder and from dry-ice. It caused marked stimulation and attraction of tampans, so that large numbers could be collected at the source of liberation. In one instance 4553 tampans were collected in 2 hours when using a small piece of dry-ice as attractant. At Onderstepoort 5 per cent CO₂ was liberated in a tampan-infested open air enclosure covered with an 8 in. depth of sand to resemble Kalahari conditions. As little as 1 litre per minute of 5 per cent CO₂ caused tampans to surface and move towards the CO₂ source. Even a slight breeze did not prevent them from surfacing and eventually locating the CO₂ source. At low temperatures, e.g. 52° F, tampans were not attracted by CO₂ unless activated by disturbing the sand in which they occurred. Laboratory investigations into the role of heat and moisture as tampan attractants showed that CO₂ activation was necessary before tampans would react to heat and moisture. Moist objects alone were unattractive, warm objects attractive, but warm-moist objects were the most attractive. In all experiments in the laboratory only a proportion of the tampans present reacted to the stimuli tested. It seems at present impractical and uneconomical to attempt to control tampans over large areas with traps containing CO₂, but it will be of great use in sampling tampan populations.
Haemonchus krugeri sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from an impala (Aepyceros melampus)
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Ortlepp, R.J.; Jansen, B.C.
Haemonchus krugeri sp. nov. from the impala (Aepyceros melampus) may be distinguished from the other species of this genus by the absence of barbs on the distal end of the spicules as well as differences in the structure of the dorsal ray and of the gubernaculum. Vulval flaps are entirely absent. A key is given for the diagnosis of Haemonchus species from South Africa. Parasitic helminths recovered from the impala are listed.
Some helminths recovered from red- and yellow-billed hornbills from the Kruger National Park
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Ortlepp, R.J.; Jansen, B.C.
Helminth parasites from two species of hornbills (Bucerotidae) are described. These helminths are: a young trematode of the genus Eumegacetes, which is not specifically identified; a new species of cestode - Raillietina (Fuhrmanetta) lophoceri; two new species of proventriculus nematodes- Tropisurus prozeskyi and Microtetrameres bucerotidi and a gizzard nematode - Hadjelia inermis (Gedoelst). All these helminths are described and figured.
Observations on helminths parasitic in warthogs and bushpigs
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Ortlepp, R.J.; Jansen, B.C.
Helminths from warthogs and bushpigs in the Onderstepoort collection have been studied. All the species of Oesophagostomum described from warthogs were represented, except O. goodeyi and O. roubaudi. In addition two unknown species were discovered and these are described under the names O. santos-diasi and O.mozambiquei. Additional information on O. aethiopicum and O. mpwapwae is given, and a key for the identification of all the warthog oesophagostomes is drawn up. The validity of the different genera and sub-genera of Oesophagostomum is discussed. A new species of Globocephalus, viz. G. versteri is described from the bushpig. The status of the different species of this genus is critically examined and a key is given for the identification of the species considered valid. The species referred to G.urosubulatus by Maplestone (his type A specimens) is considered to be a new species and is named G. maplestoni. Filariid worms from these hosts are discussed and a new species, Setaria castroi, is described from the warthog and bushpig. The genera Hyraconema and Artionema are eliminated as synonyms of Setaria.
The ability of group III viruses associated with infertility in cattle in South Africa to infect the respiratory tract
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1964) Mare, C.J.; Jansen, B.C.
The pathogenicity to the respiratory tract of seven virus isolates associated with genital disease in cattle was investigated. It was shown that (1) the febrile response was very similar to that encountered after intra-nasal instillation of the IPV virus; (2) virus was present in the nasal secretions and the saliva for eight days after infection, and (3) all the infected animals showed antibodies in their convalescent sera collected 32 days after virus instillation. The possible role of nasal infection as a means of transmission of the genital disease encountered in South Africa, is discussed.

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