1971 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 38, 1971

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol 38, 1971

CONTENTS

*Volume 38: Number 1*

Reproductive physiology and endocrinology of normal and habitually aborting angora goats	Van Rensburg, SJ	1

Preliminary report on the golden hamster as a definitive host of Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 and Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782	Verster, A	63


*Volume 38: Number 2*

Cattle and Culicoides biting midges as possible overwintering hosts of bluetongue virus	Nevill, EM	65

Mechanism of immunity to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Buchanan, 1911) in mice using inactivated vaccine	Cameron, CM & Engelbrecht, MM	73

Immunological and chemical characteristics of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cell walls and protoplasm	Cameron, CM & Purdom, MR	83

The toxic antigenic factors produced by Clostridium botulinum types C and D	Jansen, BC	93

Evaluation of serological tests as criteria for immunity to staphylococcal skin infection in rabbits	Cameron, CM	99

The pathological physiology of Gaigeria pachyscelis infestation	Hart, RJ & Wagner, AM	111

Pneumocystosis in a domestic goat	McConnell, EE, Basson, PA & Pienaar, JG	117


*Volume 38: Number 3*

Clinicopathological study on experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections in horses. Part 1. Development of clinically recognizable nervous symptoms in nagana-infected horses treated with subcurative doses of Antrypol and Berenil	Neitz, WO & McCully, M	127

Clinicopathological study on experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections in horses. Part 2. Histopathological findings in the nervous system and other organs of treated and untreated horses reacting to nagana	McCully, RM & Neitz, WO	141

The quantitative determination of the toxic factors produced by Clostridium botulinum (Van Ermengem, 1896) types C and D	Jansen, BC	177

Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. I. Modifications of laboratory procedures	Anderson, PJ & Verster, A	181

Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. II. Migration of the developmental stages in lambs	Anderson, PJ & Verster, A	185

Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. III. The migration of the immature stages applied to an anthelmintic test	Reinecke, RK, Collins, HM & Anderson, PJ	191

Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. IV. The morphogenesis of the parasitic stages in lambs	Verster, A, Collins, HM & Anderson, PJ	199

Nasal acariasis in the chacma baboon, Papio ursinus Kerr, 1972	McConnell, EE, Basson, PA & Vos, VD	207

Laboratory investigations on the life-cycle of the Karoo paralysis tick (Ixodes rubicundus Neumann, 1904)	Neitz, WO, Boughton, F & Walters, HS	215


*Volume 38: Number 4*

Herpes nodules in the lung of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797)	McCully, RM, Basson, PA, Pienaar, JG, Erasmus, BJ & Young, E	225

Tryptic activation of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin	Jansen, BC & Knoetze, PC	237

Some parasitic and other natural diseases of the African elephant in the Kruger National Park	Basson, PA, McCully, RM, Vos, VD, Young, E & Kruger, SP	239

Studies on South African cardiac glycosides. I. Isolation of toxic principles of Homeria glauca and observations on their chemical and pharmacological properties	Naude, TW & Potgieter, DJJ	255

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Some parasitic and other natural diseases of the African elephant in the Kruger National Park
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Basson, P.A.; McCully, R.M.; De Vos, Valerius; Young, E.; Kruger, S.P.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Detailed descriptions are given of the lesions encountered at autopsy on a random selection of 32 free-living African elephants [Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797)]. Lymphoid nodules with inclusion bearing syncytia caused by a herpes virus were found in many lungs and similar lesions occurred in the pancreas. Suspected viral lesions somewhat resembling bovine granular vaginitis were encountered in the genitalia. Dipetalonema gossi Baylis, 1923, which was originally recorded from the abdominal cavity, was recovered from the portal veins of several animals. They proved to be responsible for severe intrahepatic vasculitis and eosinophilic hepatitis in 50% of the elephants. Grammocephalus clathratus (Baird, 1868) Railliet & Henry 1910 was constantly present in the bile ducts where fairly marked cholangitis was produced. Even mild localized pancreatitis was sometimes caused by these parasites. Parabronema africanum Baylis, 1921 was found in large numbers in gastric ulcers. A new mite, Loxanoetus bassoni Fain, 1970 was obtained from the ears. The livers of two elephants contained a few suspected schistosome ova. Siderotic and haemangiomatoid splenic lesions occurred in several adult animals. Many of the cows had multiple periuterine papillomata. Arteriosclerosis of the aorta was occasionally encountered. Skin lesions resembling porcine lesions of zinc deficiency were observed. Mycotic lesions were seen once in the lungs and lymph nodes. The aetiology of focal disseminated cystitis in 39% of the cows was not established.
Clinicopathological study on experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections in horses. Part 2. Histopathological findings in the nervous system and other organs of treated and untreated horses reacting to nagana
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) McCully, R.M.; Neitz, W.O.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
A detailed description of the histopathology of the nervous system and a brief account of lesions in visceral and other organs of six horses experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer & Bradford, 1899 is given. Attempts to produce a chronic form of nagana in three horses by subcurative medications with Antrypol and Berenil were successful. The chronicity period was extended to 130 days in one and to approximately 9 months in the other two horses. The data on the histological findings on the three horses are listed in tabular form. The lesions in the central nervous system were characterized by a severe pleocytosis of the meninges, an extensive subpial gliosis corresponding in severity to the involvement of the overlying leptomeninges, segmental demyelination of optic tracts and some other areas of white matter as well as grey matter and extensive perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes, plasmocytes, large mononuclear and Mott cells in this order of descending frequency. Comparison between lesions of the acute form of human sleeping sickness and those of the experimentally produced chronic form of equine nagana revealed that points of similarity are far greater than those of dissimilarity. The latter include a lymphophagocytosis in the meninges and brain of man, a higher incidence of Mott cells in the meninges of horses and the penetration of trypanosomes in the brain of man which was not seen at this site in horses. With the exception of the pituitary of one horse, lesions of the nervous system of the remaining three horses were not striking. Histological changes in the visceral and other organs were neither pathognomonic nor of uniform occurrence.
Clinicopathological study on experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections in horses. Part 1. Development of clinically recognizable nervous symptoms in nagana-infected horses treated with subcurative doses of Antrypol and Berenil
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Neitz, W.O.; McCully, R.M.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Studies on the pathogenesis and symptomatology of the acute and chronic forms of human sleeping sickness and those appearing in equine nagana caused by Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer & Bradford, 1899 are given. In man the initial invasion of the blood stream and lymph nodes by either T. rhodesiense Stephens & Fantham, 1910 or T. gambiense Dutton, 1902 is invariably followed by parasites entering the cerebrospinal fluid and eventually extending to the brain and producing symptoms of meningo-encephalitis. In horses the invasion of the blood stream and lymph nodes by T. brucei results in the development of a peracute, acute or chronic disease which nearly always terminates fatally without clinical evidence of an involvement of the central nervous system. Consideration of the relatively short reaction periods of 2 to 3 months in T. brucei infections when compared with those of 9 months to several years in human trypanosomiasis, suggested that prolongation of the course of nagana in horses by subcurative treatments with Antrypol and Berenil would allow the parasite sufficient time to enter the cerebrospinal fluid and then to exert its pathogenicity on the central nervous system. It was found that such treatments resulted both in the extension of the course and in the appearance of nervous symptoms in two of the five treated horses. The involvement of the central nervous system was confirmed at necropsy by a mild hydrocephalus, oedema of the brain, thickening of the meninges and the detection of T. brucei in the cerebrospinal fluid. Evidence is presented that in common with T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense, T. brucei under certain conditions exerts its invasive potential for the cerebrospinal fluid.
Studies on South African cardiac glycosides. I. Isolation of toxic principles of Homeria glauca (W. & E.) N.E. Br. and observations on their chemical and pharmacological properties
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Naude, T.W.; Potgieter, D.J.J.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
The main toxic principle (1α, 2α-epoxyscillirosidin, a new bufadienolide cardiac aglycone) was isolated by very mild isolation techniques constantly correlated with semi-quantitative toxicity determinations in guinea-pigs. Extraction from plant material was effected at room temperature by suspending it in acetic acid solution and then extracting with chloroform. The residue was extracted with ethanolic citrate buffer and from this phase the toxic components were re-extracted with chloroform. The final separation was done by column chromatography on silica gel. The main toxic component (MTC) constituted 0,044% by mass of the dried plant material. The presence of several other related toxic components was indicated. Certain physical and chemical characteristics of the MTC were determined. The MTC had a subcutaneous LD₅₀ of 0,194 (0,183 to 0,203) mg/kg for guinea-pigs and 3,6 (2,9 to 4,46) mg/kg for mice. The clinical signs were nervous in nature: in guinea-pigs a generalized curare-like paralysis resulted in death from respiratory failure while in mice a convulsive syndrome was encountered. The MTC had potent local anaesthetic properties.
Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. IV. The morphogenesis of the parasitic stages in lambs
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Verster, Anna; Collins, H. Maria; Anderson, P.J.S.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
In males the parasitic 3rd stage, 3rd moult, 4th stage, 4th moult and 5th stage are reached on Days 1 to 2, 3, 4, 5 to 6 and 8 respectively. The 4th stage is swollen in the anal region and accessory genitalia differentiate rapidly during the 4th moult. In females development from 4th stage larvae through the 4th moult to the early 5th stage is delayed ; these stages are present from Days 4 to 6, 7 and 8 respectively. There is little differentiation in the 3rd stage. In the 4th stage the tail has become tapered and by the 4th moult the vulva lips have formed ; they become patent after moulting. The genital ducts start showing evidence of patency only 7 days after the 4th moult completing this process 10 days later. The uterus contained embryonated eggs on the 28th day.
Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. I. Modifications of laboratory procedures
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Anderson, P.J.S.; Verster, Anna; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Techniques used in a study of the life-cycle of Dictyocaulus filaria (Rudolphi, 1809) are described. First stage larvae migrate from faecal pellets placed in water. Infective larvae are cultured in clean water at room temperature and aerated overnight for 7 days. Sheep are infested per os with infective larvae. At various intervals after infestation they are killed and their organs are cut into small pieces, placed in a modified Baermann apparatus and the parasites allowed to migrate from the tissue into physiological saline at 37°C for 6 to 8 hours. Larvae are collected from lymph drained from the thoracic duct with a catheter. Some of the recovered worms are killed with an iodine solution; others intended for morphological studies are killed by heating to 60°C and preserved in a mixture containing triethanolamine.
The quantitative determination of the toxic factors produced by Clostridium botulinum (Van Ermengem, 1896) types C and D
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Jansen, B.C.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
The Lf values of the C₁, C₂ and D factors produced by Clostridium botulinum types C and D were compared with the results of in vivo quantitative tests. It was found that the flocculation test is a reliable method of determining these antigens quantitatively.
Nasal acariasis in the chacma baboon, Papio ursinus Kerr, 1972
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) McConnell, E.E.; Basson, P.A.; De Vos, Valerius; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Mature specimens of Rhinophaga papionis Fain, 1955 were observed exclusively in the maxillary recesses of 29 of 31 chacma baboons (93,6%). They stimulated the formation of inflammatory polyps, which in some cases almost completely filled the recesses. The polyps were composed of a myxomatous core infiltrated with varying numbers of plasma cells and eosinophiles. Hyperplastic epithelium with localized areas of stratified squamous metaplasia covered the polyps. R. elongata Coffee, van Aswegen, McConnell & Basson, 1971 (elongated nasal mite) was found in 3 of 44 baboons (6,8%). This remarkably long mite (5 to 6 mm) was located in the apex of small nodules which were randomly distributed throughout the nasal cavity. The anterior third of the mite was deeply embedded in the mucosa and in some cases even in the subjacent bone. These mites also tended to cause plugging of the mucosal glands which became markedly dilated. It is probable that both mites have a direct life cycle, with spread by way of immature forms.
Pneumocystosis in a domestic goat
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) McConnell, E.E.; Basson, P.A.; Pienaar, J.G.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
A fatal case of an infection by the parasite, Pneumocystis carinii Delanoë & Delanoë, 1914, is described in a young domestic goat. The disease was manifested as a severe diffuse interstitial pneumonitis accompanied by filling of the alveolar air spaces by large numbers of organisms. Light and electron microscopic studies revealed the parasite to be identical to previously described cases in man and other animals. This is apparently the first case recognized in an animal in Africa.
Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. III. The migration of the immature stages applied to an anthelmintic test
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Reinecke, R.K.; Collins, H. Maria; Anderson, P.J.S.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
The larvae of Dictyocaulus filaria (Rudolphi, 1809) develop to the 5th stage in the mesenteric lymph nodes within 6 to 8 days of infestation. The migration of the 5th stage to the lungs commences on the 7th or 8th day and is almost complete by the 13th day. The adult females start laying eggs in the bronchi from the 28th day. Controlled anthelmintic tests on two groups of sheep are described. Levamisole was dosed intraruminally at 7,5 mg/kg. It was tested against the 3rd and 4th stage larvae in the lymph nodes in the 1st group and against the 5th stages in the lungs in the 2nd group of animals. In both cases data assessed by the non-parametric statistical method showed that levamisole could be classified in Class B, i.e. it was more than 60 per cent effective in more than 60 per cent of the treated flock.
The pathological physiology of Gaigeria pachyscelis infestation
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Hart, R.J.; Wagner, Adriana M.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
In two experiments, sheep under controlled conditions were artificially infested with the hookworm Gaigeria pachyscelis Railliet & Henry, 1910. The effects of the helminth infestation on the host's metabolism were monitored by a series of blood, chemical and enzyme analyses. Significant changes recorded were the development of a macrocytic normochromic anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperglycaemia and eosinophilia. The disease and death of some of the sheep were due primarily to loss of blood.
Tryptic activation of Clostridium botulinum type Cᵦ toxin
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Jansen, B.C.; Knoetze, P.C.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
The toxicity of factor C₂ produced by C. botulinum type C ᵦ is increased by exposure to 0,1% trypsin at pH 7,5 for 30 minutes. If the tryptic action is allowed to continue at pH 7,5 at room temperature, destruction of the factor results.
Herpes nodules in the lung of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797)
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) McCully, R.M.; Basson, P.A.; Pienaar, J.G.; Erasmus, B.J.; Young, E.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Lymphoid nodules associated with Cowdry Type A intranuclear inclusions in epithelial and syncytial cells were found in the lungs of 74% of 50 African elephants in the Kruger National Park. Subsequent studies proved these were caused by a herpes virus (Erasmus, McCully, Pienaar, Young, Pieterse & Els, 1971). The disease appears to be subclinical or latent. This virus, in common with other herpes viruses, might be more pathogenic in some other host. The pathogenesis of the lymphoid nodules and the various stages of their formation are given and the detailed characteristics are illustrated.
Immunological and chemical characteristics of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cell walls and protoplasm
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Purdom, Mary R.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Successive extraction of purified Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cell walls with ether: ethanol, cold and hot trichloroacetic acid and crystalline trypsin did not destroy their immunizing potency. Cell walls were not susceptible to the action of lysozyme unless pre-treated with trichloroacetic acid and NaOH. Treatment with NaOH, however, destroyed the immunizing properties. Protoplasm also contains immunizing antigen but because of the insolubility of the antigen it could not be purified and characterized. By gel diffusion it was found that cell walls and a protoplasm fraction contain a common antigen. It could not, however, be proved that this antigen is exclusively responsible for inducing a protective immunity.
Mechanism of immunity to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Buchanan, 1911) in mice using inactivated vaccine
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Engelbrecht, Maria M.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Mice can be passively protected against infection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis with hyperimmune rabbit serum prepared against whole bacterial cells. The mechanism of immunity depends on the inhibition of secondary multiplication of the bacteria, not on antitoxic activity or enhanced phagocytosis and destruction. Passive transfer of macrophages obtained from mice immunized with inactivated vaccine to susceptible mice which were subsequently challenged showed that the macrophages have no specific immunizing properties.
Preliminary report on the golden hamster as a definitive host of Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 and Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Verster, Anna; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Injections of an immunosuppressant drug, methyl prednisolone acetate, increase the susceptibility of golden hamsters to the adult stage of Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758. At dosage rates of 10, 5, 2 and 1 mg per week, 73,9, 80,0, 64,3 and 25 per cent respectively of the hamsters became infested. Both male and female genitalia develop but egg production does not occur. When hamsters are treated with 10 mg of the drug 25 per cent became infested with the adult stage of Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782.
The toxic antigenic factors produced by Clostridium botulinum types C and D
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Jansen, B.C.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
The toxic factors produced by Clostridium botulinum (Van Ermengem, 1896), types C and D were determined. Monospecific antisera were prepared against the different factors. It was shown that type Cα produces factors C₁ C₂ and D; type C ᵦ produces factor C₂ and type D produces factors C₁ and D. It was also shown that the International Standard Type C Antitoxin contains antibodies against factors C₁, C₂ and D and the International Standard Type D Antitoxin contains antibodies against factors C₁ and D.
Laboratory investigations on the life-cycle of the Karoo paralysis tick (Ixodes rubicundus Neumann, 1904)
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Neitz, W.O.; Boughton, F.; Walters, H.S.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Detailed data on the rearing of three groups of Ixodes rubicundus ticks at different temperature and humidity levels are presented in a series of tables and figures. The differences between the life-spans are seen to be dependent mainly upon the temperature. The average duration of 405 days at relatively high temperatures is extended to 1115 days at lower temperatures. The reason for the mortality rate of approximately 96% of the immature stages in all groups during the prefeeding, feeding and premoulting periods is obscure.
Studies on Dictyocaulus filaria. II. Migration of the developmental stages in lambs
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Anderson, P.J.S.; Verster, Anna; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Developmental stages of Dictyocaulus filaria (Rudolphi, 1809) were recovered from the right colic mesenteric lymph nodes of lambs 18 hours after infestation . The majority of the parasites remain in the lymph nodes until Day 6 and from Day 7 onwards migrate via the thoracic duct to the heart and pulmonary arteries. From Day 8 to Day 14 parasites occur in considerable numbers in the lung tissue. Although some worms may be present in the trachea and bronchi on Day 4, they are not present in large numbers prior to Day 10. From the 12th day the numbers in the lung tissue decrease while those free in the respiratory passages increase.
Evaluation of serological tests as criteria for immunity to staphylococcal skin infection in rabbits
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1971) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Rabbits immunized with killed whole culture vaccine, bacteria alone or bacteria plus toxoid, were markedly more resistant to skin infection than control rabbits. However, the degree of immunity was not related to the antitoxin or haemagglutinating titres, nor to the opsonizing activity of their sera.

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