1986 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 53, 1986

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CONTENTS

*Volume 53: Number 1*

Response of sheep and cattle to combined polyvalent Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines	Cameron, CM & Bester, FJ	1

An ovine hepatotoxicosis caused by the plant Pteronia pallens (Asteraceae)	Prozesky, L, Kellerman, TS & Welman, WG	9

Dispersal, density and habitat preference of the blow-flies Chrysomyia albiceps (Wd.) and Chrysomyia marginalis (Wd.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)	Braack, LEO & Retief, PF	13

Studies on the ability of different strains or populations of female Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (Acarina: Ixodidae) to produce paralysis in sheep	Gothe, R & Bezuidenhout, JD	19

Investigations into the paralysis-inducing ability of Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus and that of hybrids between this subspecies and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi	Gothe, R, Gold, Y & Bezuidenhout, JD	25

Proof of transovarial transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma hebraeum	Bezuidenhout, JD & Jacobsz, CJ	31

The immune response in a dog to Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection	Stewart, CG, Collet, MG & Snyman, H	35

The detection of antibodies of Cowdria ruminantium in serum and C. ruminantium antigen in Amblyomma hebraeum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	Neitz, AWH, Viljoen, GJ, Bezuidenhout, JD, Oberem, PT, Van Wyngaardt, W & Vermeulen, NMJ	39

A field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as a biological control agent for Simulium chutteri (Diptera: Nematocera) in the middle Orange River	De Moor, FC & Car, M	43

Immunization of guinea-pigs and cattle with a reduced dose Clostridium chauvoei vaccine produced in a semi-synthetic medium	Cameron, CM, Botha, WJS & Schoeman, JH	51

Isolation and identification of a South African lentivirus from jaagsiekte lungs	Payne, A, York, DF, De Villiers, EM, Verwoerd, DW, Querat, G, Barban, V, Sauze, N & Vigne, R	55


*Volume 53: Number 2*

Isolation of Cowdria ruminantium by means of Percoll density gradient centrifugation and detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	Neitz, AWH, Viljoen, GJ, Bezuidenhout, JD, Oberem, PT, Putterill, JF, Verschoor, JA, Visser, L & Vermeulen, NMJ	63

Foot-and-mouth disease and the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). I. Carriers as a source of infection for cattle	Bengis, RG, Thomson, GR, Hedger, RS, De Vos, V & Pini, A	69

Foot-and-mouth disease and the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). II. Virus excretion and transmission during acute infection	Gainaru, MD, Thomson, GR, Bengis, RG, Esterhuysen, JJ, Bruce, W & Pini, A	75

The localization of a Mason-Pfizer monkey virus-related antigen in jaagsiekte tumour tissue and cell lines	Payne, AL, Verwoerd, DW & Garnett, HM	87

The helminth parasites of various artiodactylids from some South African nature reserves	Boomker, J, Horak, IG & De Vos, V	93

Phenotypic differences in Schistosoma mattheei ova from populations sympatric and allopatric to S. haematobium	Kruger, FJ, Schutte, CHJ, Visser, PS & Evans, AC	103

Scanning electron microscopy of the teguments of males from five populations of Schistosoma mattheei	Kruger, FJ, Hamilton-Attwell, VL & Schutte, CHJ	109

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)	Bezuidenhout, AJ	111

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVIII. The crowned guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), an important host of immature ixodid ticks	Horak, IG & Williams, EJ	119

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XIX. Ixodid ticks and fleas on rock dassies (Procavia capensis) in the Mountain Zebra National Park	Horak, IG & Fourie, LJ	123


*Volume 53: Number 3*

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XX. Arthropod parasites of the Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra)	Horak, IG, Knight, MM & De Vos, V	127

African swine fever. I. Morphological changes and virus replication in blood platelets of pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing isolates	Neser, JA, Phillips, T, Thomson, GR, Gainaru, MD & Coetzee, T	133

The inability of a South African Babesia bovis vaccine strain to infect Boophilus microplus	Mason, TE, Potgieter, FT & Van Rensburg, L	143

Investigations into the function and chemical compositions of the porose areas secretion of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi during oviposition	Vermeulen, NMJ, Gothe, R, Senekal, AC & Neitz, AWH	147

Heartwater: an in vitro study of the ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminantium	Prozesky, L, Bezuidenhout, JD & Paterson, CL	153

Paracooperia horaki n.sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the nyala Tragelaphus angasi Gray, 1849	Boomker, J	161

The relation of climate and topography to gastro-intestinal nematode worm egg counts of Angora goats in the Eastern Cape	McCulloch, B, Dalbock, RR & Kuhn, HG	167

Research communication:

A column purification procedure for the removal of leucocytes from parasite-infected bovine blood	Ambrosio, RE, Potgieter, FT & Nel, N	179


*Volume 53: Number 4*

Flaviviruses in South Africa: diagnostic procedures	Barnard, BJH & Voges, SF	181

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXI. Arthropod parasites of vaal ribbok, bontebok and scrub hares in the western Cape Province	Horak, IG, Sheppey, K, Knight, MM & Beuthin, CL	187

The relationship between the microtitration serum agglutination and complement fixation tests in bovine brucellosis serology	Herr, S, Williamson, CC, Prigge, RE & Van Wyk, A	199

The major blood vessels of the wing of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)	Bezuidenhout, AJ & Coetzer, DJ	201

Detection of Cowdria ruminatium antigen and antibody during the course of heartwater disease in sheep by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	Neitz, AWH, Viljoen, GJ, Bezuidenhout, JD, Oberem, PT, Visser, L & Vermeulen, NMJ	205

The penetration of mammalian skin by cercariae of Trichobilharzia sp. (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from South Africa	Appleton, CC & Brock, K	209

Trichostrongylus auriculatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the steenbok, Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg, 1811)	Boomker, J	213

Trichostrongylus angistris n. sp. from the red duiker Cephalophus natalensis A. Smith, 1834 and a redescription of Trichostrongylus minor monnig, 1932	Boomker, J & Vermaak, D	217

A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the fluorimetric determination of lactose, galactose and glucose in normal and abnormal milk of cows	Kowalski, ZE & Giesecke, WH	225

The efficacy of acetamide for the treatment of experimental Dichapetalum cymosum (gifblaar) poisoning in sheep	Egyed, MN & Schultz, RA	231

Research communications:

Flaviviruses in South Africa: pathogenicity for sheep	Barnard, BJH & Voges, SF	235

Further observations on an intratubercular sensory receptor of Schistosoma mattheei	Kruger, FJ, Hamilton-Attwell, VL, Tiedt, L & Du Preez, L	239

A short, reliable, highly reproducible complement fixation test for the serological diagnosis of contagious equine metritis	Gummow, B, Herr, S & Brett, OL	241

Author index		245

Subject index		251

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 45

The localization of a Mason-Pfizer monkey virus-related antigen in jaagsiekte tumour tissue and cell lines
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Payne, Anna-Lise; Garnett, H.M.; Bigalke, R.D.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Mason-Pfizer monkey virus-related antigen was detected in 3 out of 5 jaagsiekte lungs examined using a direct immunoperoxidase staining technique with anti-MPMV p27 serum. Most of the antigen was localized in the alveolar lumina of the lesions. The reaction was further characterised on immune blots and found to involve a protein with a molecular mass of 29 000 daltons (JSRV p29). JSRV p29 antigen was also detected in 2 jaagsiekte cell lines.
The helminth parasites of various artiodactylids from some South African nature reserves
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) De Vos, Valerius; Bigalke, R.D.; Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik; Horak, Ivan Gerard
The helminth species composition and helminth burdens of 4 grey duikers, 12 bushbuck, 2 nyala, 2 giraffe, a steenbok, an oribi, a waterbuck and a tsessebe from the Kruger National Park (KNP); of a steenbok and a greater kudu from the farm Riekerts Laager, Transvaal; of a single blue duiker from the Tsitsikama Forest National Park, and of a blue wildebeest, a red hartebeest, a gemsbok and 2 springbok from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP) were collected, counted and identified. New parasite records are: Agriostomum equidentatum from the gemsbok, Cooperia neitzi from the bushbuck, Cooperia sp. from the gemsbok and the red hartebeest, Cooperia yoshidai from the waterbuck and the tsessebe, Dictyocaulus viviparus from the bushbuck, Haemonchus bedfordi from the waterbuck, Haemonchus contortus from the gemsbok, Haemonchus krugeri from the steenbok from the KNP, lmpalaia nudicollis from the gemsbok and the red hartebeest, Impalaia tuberculata from the oribi and the waterbuck, lmpalaia spp. from the kudu, Longistrongylus meyeri from the steenbok from Riekerts Laager and the gemsbok, Longistrongylus sabie from the steenbok from the KNP, Longistrongylus schrenki from the tsessebe, Parabronema sp. from the tsessebe and the red hartebeest, Paracooperia serrata from the gemsbok and the steenbok from the KGNP, Pneumostrongylus calcaratus from the bushbuck, Strongyloides sp. from the gemsbok, Trichostrongylus sp. from the gemsbok, the red hartebeest and the steenbok from the KGNP, Trichostrongylus axei from the blue duiker, Trichostrongylus falculatus from the bushbuck and the oribi, Trichostrongylus instabilis from the bushbuck, the steenbok from the KNP and the oribi and Trichostrongylus thomasi from the grey duikers and tsessebe. Host specificity of the parasites was not marked and cross infestation was common. This was not true for the giraffe, since none of the helminths of these animals were found in the antelope and vice versa.
The inability of a South African Babesia bovis vaccine strain to infect Boophilus microplus
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Mason, T.E.; Potgieter, F.T.; Van Rensburg, L.; Bigalke, R.D.
A strain of Babesia bovis that had been attenuated by rapid syringe passage through a series of 23 splenectomized calves was unable to infect its vector Boophilus microplus. An attempt to transmit the attenuated Australian Babesia bigemina G strain with a South African strain of B. microplus was likewise unsuccessful. The epidemiological implication of these observations in terms of babesiosis control is discussed.
Detection of Cowdria ruminantium antigen and antibody during the course of heartwater disease in sheep by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Viljoen, G.J.; Oberem, P.T.; Visser, L.; Vermeulen, N.M.J.; Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Bigalke, R.D.; Neitz, Albert Walter Herman
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Cowdria ruminantium antibodies during the course of heartwater disease. IgM antibodies reached a maximum on the 4th day after infection and disappeared on the 7th day. IgG antibodies first appeared on the 8th day and continued to increase during the remainder of the observation period of 28 days. The presence of C. ruminantium in the blood fractions of diseased animals was demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The earliest day of C. ruminantium antigen detection was in plasma and serum on the 4th day after inoculatton. Of all the blood fractions investigated, the red blood cells showed the highest concentration, and this reached a maximum on the 12th day after infection.
Trichostrongylus auriculatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the steenbok, Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg, 1811)
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Bigalke, R.D.; Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik
During a pilot survey of the parasites of some artiodactylids in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park a new species of Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 was recovered from the small intestine of a steenbok, Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg, 1811), a gemsbok, Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758), and a red hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus (Pallas, 1766). The male spicules were 0,120-0,148 mm long and an ear-shaped protuberance was present on the shaft of the left spicule. The presence of only a single protuberance is characteristic of the species.
Trichostrongylus angistris n. sp. from the red duiker Cephalophus natalensis A. Smith, 1834 and a redescription of Trichostrongylus minor Mönnig, 1932
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Vermaak, D.; Bigalke, R.D.; Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik
Trichostrongylus angistris n. sp. was found in the abomasa of 13 red duiker Cephalophus natalensis A. Smith, 1834, culled in the Charter's Creek Nature Reserve, Natal. The species is closely related to Trichostrongylus minor Mönnig, 1932 and can be differentiated from it by the shorter dorsal ray and the different shape of the gubernaculum and spicules. The shoes of the spicules of T. minor are set at an angle to the long axis, while those of T. angistris are curved. Upon re-examination, the Trichostrongylus spp., tentatively identified as Trichostrongylus capricola Ransom, 1907 and Trichostrongylus vitrinus Looss, 1905, proved to be T. angistris. In this paper, T. angistris is compared with T. capricola and T. vitrinus and T. minor is redescribed.
A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the fluorimetric determination of lactose, galactose and glucose in normal and abnormal milk of cows
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Kowalski, Z.E.; Giesecke, W.H.; Bigalke, R.D.
A high performance, liquid chromatographic, gradient method with post-column derivatization and highly sensitive fluorescence detection has been developed for the determination of reducing sugars, such as lactose, galactose and glucose, in normal and abnormal milk of cows. The method requires little sample preparation, is applicable to a fully automated HPLC system and has been found suitable for the processing of hundreds of samples. Peaks of minor constituent components of samples showed retention times identical with those of ribose, cellobiose, fucose, mannose and xylose. Further research with the HPLC technique, supplemented with modem gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, is considered necessary for elucidating the role of minor carbohydrates in the physiology and physiopathology of the bovine udder.
African swine fever. I. Morphological changes and virus replication in blood platelets of pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing isolates
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Neser, J.A.; Phillips, T.; Gainaru, M.D.; Coetzee, T.; Bigalke, R.D.; Thomson, G.R. (Gavin)
Replicating and mature viral particles were detected with the transmission electron microscope in blood platelets of pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolates. Although platelet numbers decreased terminally in infected pigs, the most noticeable morphological damage to these cells apparent in the last 2 days of the disease included cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolation, fragmentation and loss of dense granules.
The major blood vessels of the wing of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Bezuidenhout, A.J. (Abraham Johannes), 1942-; Coetzer, D.J.; Bigalke, R.D.
The major blood vessels of the ostrich wing were studied by dissection of the wings of 8 ostriches. The axillary artery entered the caudo-ventral aspect of the wing and divided into the brachial and deep brachial arteries. The deep brachial artery gave rise to the radial and ulnar collateral arteries which supplied the caudodorsal aspect of the brachium. The brachial artery divided in the cubital fossa into the smaller ulnar and large radial arteries. The ulnar artery supplied the cranio-ventral aspect of the antebrachium and manus, and the radial artery the caudo-ventral and dorsal aspects of the antebrachium and manus, including the feathers. With few exceptions the veins corresponded with the arteries that supplied the region they drained. The basilic vein passed along the cranial margin of the wing, unaccompanied by arteries or nerves, to drain the major part of the wing. The brachial artery and the basilic veins were the vessels most accessible for arterio- and venipuncture, respectively.
The relationship between the microtitration serum agglutination and complement fixation tests in bovine brucellosis serology
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Herr, S.; Williamson, Catherine C.; Prigge, R.E.; Van Wyk, A.; Bigalke, R.D.
The relationship between antibody titres in the microtitration serum agglutination test and the complement fixation test in bovine brucellosis is described. For low and high MSAT values there is good agreement between the 2 tests. This is not the case for MSAT values between 54 and 338 IU/ml. For practical reasons, results falling into this category cannot all be repeated. Repetitions are so structured that less than 4 % of the tests need to be repeated. If the level of repetitions should show an increase above 4 %, it is assumed that technical or human error has occurred.
The relation of climate and topography to gastro-intestinal nematode worm egg counts of Angora goats in the Eastern Cape
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) McCulloch, B.; Dalbock, R.R.; Kuhn, H.G.; Bigalke, R.D.
Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia and Nematodirus worm populations of Angora goats, based on differential egg counts, are considered in relation to climatological and topographical data. Egg counts indicated that the estimated worm populations in goats that experienced wet circumstances were higher than those exposed to dry conditions. Wetness was assessed by relating spring, summer, and early autumn rainfalls to ground slope. It is proposed, that tactical anthelmintic treatments of goats be based on the degree of wetness of the grazing or property.
Further observations on an intratubercular sensory receptor of Schistosoma mattheei
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Kruger, F.J.; Tiedt, L.; Du Preez, L.; Hamilton-Attwell, V.L.; Bigalke, R.D.
A structure, presumably a sensory receptor in the nippled tubercles of Schistosoma mattheei, previously observed by scanning electron microscopy, was studied further by light and transmission electron miccroscopy. The results obtained by differential staining indicate that this structure does, in fact, consist of nervous tissue, and this provides additional evidence to support the sensory receptor hypothesis.
Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXI. Arthropod parasites of vaal ribbok, bontebok and scrub hares in the western Cape Province
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Sheppey, K.; Knight, M.M.; Beuthin, C.L.; Bigalke, R.D.; Horak, Ivan Gerard
Vaal ribbok (Pelea capreolus), bontebok (Damaliscus dorcas dorcas) and scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) were slaughtered in the Bontebok National Park at regular intervals and examined for arthropod parasites. Twelve species of ixodid ticks were recovered; the antelope each harboured 9 species and the hares 11. Rhipicephalus nitens was the most prevalent and most abundant tick. The vaal ribbok also harboured large numbers of Ixodes pilosus and the bontebok fairly large numbers of Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum. The vaal ribbok were infested with 2 lice species and the larvae of 3 oestrid fly species. The bontebok harboured 2 lice species and the larvae of 2 oestrid flies, and the scrub hares were infested with a louse species and a flea species. The host preference and seasonal abundance of some of the parasites were determined.
Heartwater: an in vitro study of the ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminantium
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Paterson, C.L.; Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Bigalke, R.D.; Prozesky, Leon
Notwithstanding morphological differences, the ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminantium cultured in vitro concurred to a large extent with that in previous in vivo studies. Two distinct forms of the organism, elementary and reticulate bodies, and a 3rd group of intermediate organisms were identified. Organisms within a particular vacuole were generally a specific form, but in cells containing many colonies different forms were present in the same colony. Most organisms were enveloped by 2 membranes and a few were surrounded by a 'capsule'. C. ruminantium multiplies mainly by binary fission, but it appears that multiplication can also take place by means of budding. The taxonomy of C. ruminantium is briefly discussed.
Isolation of Cowdria ruminantium by means of Percoll density gradient centrifugation and detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Viljoen, G.J.; Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Oberem, P.T.; Putterill, John Fraser; Visser, L.; Vermeulen, N.M.J.; Bigalke, R.D.; Neitz, Albert Walter Herman; Verschoor, Jan Adrianus
The isolation of Cowdria ruminantium by means of Percoll density gradient centrifugation permits the recovery of partially purified viable populations of the organism possessing distinctly different densities. These conclusions are based upon results of analyses of density fractions by intravenous inoculation into sheep, protein determination, electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Morphological differences were observed in the density fractions obtained from infected brain tissue and Amblyomma hebraeum nymphae.
Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XIX. Ixodid ticks and fleas on rock dassies (Procavia capensis) in the Mountain Zebra National Park
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Fourie, L.J.; Bigalke, R.D.; Horak, Ivan Gerard
Five or 6 rock dassies (Procavia capensis) were shot at monthly intervals for 13 consecutive months in the Mountain Zebra National Park and processed for arthropod parasite recovery. Ten species of ixodid ticks and 2 flea species were recovered. The seasonal prevalence of the rock dassie ticks, Haemaphysalis hyracophila and Rhipicephalus distinctus, and of the immature stages of Rhipicephalus arnoldi, a tick that usually infests the red rock rabbit (Pronolagus rupestris), was determined. Only 10 of the approximately 10 000 ticks recovered from the rock dassies belonged to species that may infest domestic livestock.
Subject index
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Anonymous; Bigalke, R.D.
A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the fluorimetric determination of lactose, galactose and glucose in normal and abnormal milk of cows
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Kowalski, Z.E.; Giesecke, W.H.; Bigalke, R.D.
A high performance, liquid chromatographic, gradient method with post-column derivatization and highly sensitive fluorescence detection has been developed for the determination of reducing sugars, such as lactose, galactose and glucose, in normal and abnormal milk of cows. The method requires little sample preparation, is applicable to a fully automated HPLC system and has been found suitable for the processing of hundreds of samples. Peaks of minor constituent components of samples showed retention times identical with those of ribose, cellobiose, fucose, mannose and xylose. Further research with the HPLC technique, supplemented with modem gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, is considered necessary for elucidating the role of minor carbohydrates in the physiology and physiopathology of the bovine udder.
Flaviviruses in South Africa: pathogenicity for sheep
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Barnard, B.J.H.; Voges, S.F.; Bigalke, R.D.
Sheep are susceptible to at least 5 of the 10 flaviviruses known to be present in South Africa. Sheep, 7-9 months of age, injected with Wesselsbron, West Nile, Banzi, Uganda-Sand AR 5189 (an unidentified virus related to Banzi and Uganda-S), responded with a moderate febrile reaction, a low grade viraemia of short duration and the production of virus neutralizing antibodies. The most pronounced manifestations of infection were encountered in pregnant ewes. Infection with West Nile, Banzi and AR 5189 resulted in abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death, characterized by congenital abnormalities of the brain.
The penetration of mammalian skin by cercariae of Trichobilharzia sp. (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from South Africa
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1986) Appleton, C.C.; Brock, K.; Bigalke, R.D.
The ability of the cercariae of Trichobilharzia sp., the commonest avian schistosome in South Africa, to cause dermatitis in man is confirmed, and their progress through and resultant histopathology in rodent skin are documented. These cercariae reach the subcutaneous tissue within one hour after exposure, and some migrate to the lungs. Between 46 and 97 h later, those stranded in the skin have died, while those in the epidermis are extruded by 97 h. There were haematological changes in the peripheral blood and a rapid rise and fall in the mitotic rate of the basal epithelium of the epidermis.

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