1989 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 56, 1989

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/42094

Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 56: Number 1*

Studies of encephalitozoonosis in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) orally inoculated with spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi isolated from dogs (Canis familiaris)	Van Dellen, AF, Stewart, CG & Botha, WS	1

Afrotropical Culicoides : a redescription of C. (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) with description of the closely allied C. (A.) bolitinos sp. nov. reared from the dung of the African buffalo, blue wildebeest and cattle in South Africa	Meiswinkel, R	23

The problem of escalating resistance of Haemonchus contortus to the modern anthelmintics in South Africa	Van Wyk, JA, Malan, FS, Gerber, HM & Alves, RMR	41

Parasites of South African wildlife. III. Helminths of common reedbuck, Redunca arundinum, in Natal	Horak, IG, Boomker, JDF, Flamand, JRB & Keep, ME	51

Paralysis of laboratory rabbits by nymphae of Ixodes rubicundus, Neumann 1904 (Acarina: Ixodidae) and some effects on the life-cycle following feeding under different temperature conditions	Spickett, AM, Elliot, EGR, Heyne, H & Neser, JA	59

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXIV. Arthropod parasites of bushbuck and common duiker in the Weza State Forest, Natal	Horak, IG, Boomker, JDF, Keep, ME & Spickett, AM	63

The use of electronarcosis as anaesthetic in the cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). III. The effects of changing physical and electrical parameters on the narcotizing ability of half-wave rectified currents	Barham, WT, Schoonbee, HJ & Visser, JGJ	67

Clinical pathological changes in gousiekte, a plant-induced cardiotoxicosis of ruminants	Prozesky, L, Fourie, N, Kellerman, TS, Labuschagne, L & Schultz, RA	73

Research communications:

Overberg Research Projects. IV. The development of resistance to Nematodirus in lambs and spontaneous cure of Teladorsagia in weaners	Reinecke, RK	81

An early record of Culicoides species (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) developing in the dung of game animals in southern Africa	Dyce, AL & Marshall, BD	85


*Volume 56: Number 2*

The isolation and attenuation of a virus causing rhinotracheitis in turkeys in South Africa	Buys, SB, Du Preez, JH & Els, HJ	87

The pathology of blindness in new-born calves caused by hypovitaminosis A	Prozesky, L & Van der Lugt, JJ	99

Parasites of South African Wildlife. IV. Helminths of kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, in the Kruger National Park	Horak, IG, Boomker, JDF & De Vos, V	111

The relationship between selenium deficiency and the development of pulmonary and subcutaneous emphysema in bovine ephemeral fever virus-infected cattle	Odiawo, GO	123

The isolation of nucleic acid sequences specific for Cowdria ruminantium	Wilkins, SC & Ambrosio, RE	127

Excretion of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 by captive and free-living wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus)	Barnard, BJH, Bengis, RG, Griessel, MD & De Vos, V	131

Epizootology of wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever in an outbreak in the north-western Transvaal : indications of an intermediate host	Barnard, BJH, Griessel, MD & Van de Pypekamp, HE	135

Research communications:

Nematodirus abnormalis (May, 1920) in sheep in the south-western part of the Cape Province	Louw, JP	141

The use of cephalothin and triphenyltetrazolium chloride impregnated filter paper strips in the identification of Campylobacter species	Pefanis, SM, Venter, CG & Herr, S	143

Thiaminase activities and thiamine content of Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum ramosissimum, Malva parviflora, Pennisetum clandestinum and Medicago sativa	Meyer, P	145


*Volume 56: Number 3*

Afrotropical Culicoides : Synhelea Kieffer, 1925, resurrected as subgenus to embrace 10 species (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae)	Meiswinkel, R & Dyce, AL	147

Helminth parasites of grysbok, common duikers and Angora and Boer goats in the Valley Bushveld in the eastern Cape Province	Horak, IG, Boomker, JDF & MacIvor, KM de F	165

Seasonal abundance and parity of Culicoides biting midges associated with livestock at Roma, Lesotho (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae)	Venter, GJ & Sweatman, GK	173

A selective procedure for the field isolation of pathogenic Streptococcus spp. of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)	Bragg, RR, Todd, JM, Lordan, SM & Combrink, ME	179

Immunity of tick-exposed seronegative and seropositive small stock challenged with two stocks of Cowdria ruminantium	Du Plessis, JL & Van Gas, L	185

The fine structure of developmental stages of Babesia caballi in the salivary glands of Hyalomma truncatum	Blouin, EF & De Waal, DT	189

The heterogenicity of Cowdria ruminantium stocks : cross-immunity and serology in sheep and pathogenicity to mice	Du Plessis, JL, Van Gas, L, Olivier, JA & Bezuidenhout, JD	195

Research communications:

The leech Batracobdelloides tricarinata (Blanchard, 1897) (Hirudinea : Glossiphoniidae) as a possible reservoir of the rainbow trout pathogenic Streptococcus species	Bragg, RR, Oosthuizen, JH & Lordan, SM	203

Serological evidence of Q fever in cattle in Malawi	Myburgh, JG, Staley, GP & Chaparro, F	205

Adverse effects of a proposed equine sublethal endotoxin model	Stadler, P & Van Amstel, SR	207

Comparative infection rates of Theileria parva lawrencei in salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis	Stoltsz, WH & Blouin, EF	211

Some observations on the narcotizing ability of electric currents on the common carp Cyprinus carpio	Barham, WT, Schoonbee, HJ & Visser, JGJ	215


*Volume 56: Number 4*

The structure of the shell and polar plugs of the egg of the whipworm, Trichuris trichiura (Nematoda : Trichuridae) from the Samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis)	Appleton, CC & White, BJ	219

Availability of infective larvae of parasitic nematodes of sheep grazing on Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures in the winter rainfall area	Reinecke, RK, Kirkpatrick, R, Kriel, AMD & Frank, F	223

Hybridization model for Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis by glucose-P-isomerase isoenzymes	Wouters, G	235

Overberg Research Projects. VI. The biology and control of Oestrus ovis in sheep in the winter rainfall areas of the southern Cape	Louw, JP	239

Resistance of Nguni, Bonsmara and Hereford cattle to ticks in a Bushveld region of South Africa	Spickett, AM, de Klerk, D, Enslin, CB & Scholtz, MM	245

The effect of passive immunization on active immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D in lambs	Odendaal, MW, Visser, JJ, Bergh, N & Botha, WJS	251

South African field strains of Haemonchus contortus resistant to the levamisole/morantel group of anthelmintics	Van Wyk, JA, Van Schalkwyk, L, Van Schalkwyk, PC, Visser, EL, Alves, RMR & Gerber, HM	257

The biochemical differentiation between Salmonella and Citrobacter	Van der Walt, ML & Steyn, HC	263

Geographical distribution and habitat preferences of the invader freshwater snail species Lymnaea columella (Mollusca : Gastropoda) in South Africa	De Kock, KN, Joubert, PH & Pretorius, SJ	271

An outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in the Owambo Mangetti area of South West Africa/Namibia : microbiological, immunofluorescent, pathological and serological findings	Trichard, CJV, Basson, PA, Van der Lugt, JJ & Jacobsz, EP	277

Research communications:

Serological evidence of bovine leptospirosis in Malawi	Myburgh, JG, Staley, GP & Van der Merwe, SM	285

Afrotropical Culicoides : C. (Avaritia) spinifer Khamala & Kettle, 1971, a name based on an artefact (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae)	Meiswinkel, R	287

The host status of the striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in relation to the tick vectors of heartwater in South Africa	Horak, IG, Howell, DJ & Petney, TN	289

Author index		293

Subject index		299

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 47

Subject index
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Unknown; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Author index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1989) Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Hybridization model for Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis by glucose-P-isomerase isoenzymes
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Wouters, G.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Hybrids between Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis were reared and glucose-phosphate-isomerase isoenzymes were resolved by agarose electrophoresis. By phenotyping hybrids in F₁ and F₂ generations autosomal transmission of 2 GPI genes was demonstrated. Identification of a hybrid phenotype provides a method for identifying hybrids in field collections.
Afrotropical Culicoides : C. (Avaritia) spinifer Khamala & Kettle, 1971, a name based on an artefact (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae)
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Meiswinkel, R.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Culicoides (Avaritia) spinifer Khamala & Kettle, 1971, is made a junior subjective synonym of C. (A.) glabripennis Goetghebuer, 1935.
Geographical distribution and habitat preferences of the invader freshwater snail species Lymnaea columella (Mollusca : Gastropoda) in South Africa
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) De Kock, K.N.; Joubert, P.H.; Pretorius, S.J.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
The present geographical distribution of Lymnaea columella, as recorded in the National Freshwater Snail Collection, is described and discussed. It appears that L. columella is the most successful colonist of all the freshwater snail species in South Afnca, and, together with Bulinus tropicus and Lymnaea natalensis, it forms the most widely distributed freshwater snail species in the region. Data regarding the 2 341 discovery sites of L. columella recorded by collectors during surveys are analysed. L. columella cluster mainly in rivers or streams with perennial, slow flowing , or stagnant freshwater with many plants and a mud substrate. L. columella is regarded as a more effective intermediate host for the transmission of fascioliasis than the indigenous snail species. The economical implications of this are discussed briefly in the light of its success as an invader species.
The host status of the striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in relation to the tick vectors of heartwater in South Africa
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Howell, D.J.; Petney, T.N.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Horak, Ivan Gerard
Striped mice, Rhabdomys pumilio, were trapped over a 17 month period in the Thomas Baines Nature Reserve in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Captured mice were placed in cages, over water, and naturally detaching ticks were collected. Only 5 larvae and 1 nymph of Amblyomma hebraeum were recovered from the mice. These represented less than 0,1 % of the total number of ticks recovered. No Amblyomma marmoreum were recovered. As the vegetation and large mammals and tortoises in the Thomas Baines Nature Reserve abound in larvae of both these vectors of heartwater the low infestation rates of R. pumilio indicate that it is either unsuitable or inaccessible for these ticks. R. pumilio is therefore unlikely to play a role in the epidemiology of heartwater.
Serological evidence of bovine leptospirosis in Malawi
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Staley, G.P.; Van der Merwe, Sanette M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Myburgh, Jan G.
Two hundred and seventy-five serum samples from cattle in Malawi were tested as a pilot survey for Leptospira antibody titres. Fifty-nine (21,4%) of the animals were positive for leptospirosis, while 35 (12,7%) animals reacted inconclusively. Titres to L. hardjo and L. pomona serovars were the most prevalent. Results are also discussed with reference to the areas where samples were collected.
An outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in the Owambo Mangetti area of South West Africa/Namibia : microbiological, immunofluorescent, pathological and serological findings
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Trichard, C.J.V.; Basson, P.A.; Van der Lugt, Jaco J.; Jacobsz, Elsie P.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
An outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the Owambo Mangetti area of South West Africa/Namibia in 1982 led to the slaughter of 3 153 cattle. The lungs of 266 of these animals were scrutinized for gross lesions of CBPP and samples of lung tissue, sequestral contents or pleural fluid were submitted to the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Onderstepoort for microbiological, immunofluorescent and pathological examination. Immunofluorescence proved to be the most successful method of diagnosis producing 96 % of positives, while mycoplasma isolations were only positive in 64 % of the 55 specimens processed in parallel. This clearly demonstrated the value of the former technique in the accurate as well as rapid diagnosis of CBPP. The impression smear technique employed, using Eriochrome black counterstaining proved most satisfactory and easy to interpret. The isolation of M. mycoides was influenced by the transit times and temperature of the samples on arrival at the VRI. No pathogenic bacteria were found in routine aerobic bacterial cultures from 27 of the samples submitted. Complement fixing antibodies were present in the sera of 16 cattle and titres varied between 10 and 320. Animals in which antibodies were absent included those with early lung lesions and some with sequestra.
The biochemical differentiation between Salmonella and Citrobacter
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Van der Walt, Martha L.; Steyn, Helena C.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
A number of bacterial isolates which could not be identified as either Salmonella or Citrobacter by conventional biochemical tests and could not be typed as Salmonella with available antisera, were further examined biochemically and by lysis with phage Felix 0,1. Glycerol-positive salmonellae and lysine-positive citrobacters were encountered, which could be confused with the other genus, but when the reactions of such strains were examined in the other tests, accurate identifications could be done. Of the tests examined, glycerol fermentation, the β-galactosidase test, lysine decarboxylation, sorbose fermentation, galacturonate fermentation and lysis by the phage could be used in the differentiation. These tests in combination, rather than 1 or 2 single tests gave reliable and conclusive differentiation.
The effect of passive immunization on active immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D in lambs
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1989) Odendaal, M.W.; Visser, J.J.; Bergh, N.; Botha, W.J.S.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Lambs in different stages of development of active immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D were treated with partially purified immunoglobulin in an attempt to superimpose a passive immunity on an existing or developing active immunity. Three different studies were undertaken to determine the impact of partial purified immunoglobulins on these vaccinated animals. In 2 of the 3 studies, active immunity was induced by administering the normal routine enterotoxaemia vaccinations and allowing the basic immunity to become established, for a period ranging from 2 weeks for the animals in study 1 and 4 months for those in study 2, before passive immunization with the partially purified immunoglobulins took place. An increase in the epsilon antibody titre occurred in each of the 2 studies after the animals were passively immunized with immunoglobulin, though this increase was not statistically significant (P>0,05). In the 3rd study, when the animals were given the initial vaccination of the Onderstepoort enterotoxaemia oil adjuvant vaccine together with the immunoglobulin, an immediate increase in the epsilon antitoxin titre occurred that was statistically significant (P<0,05) 2-14 days after administration. No negative effects were noted on the development of an initial active immunity or an existing active immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D when they were passively immunized with partially purified immunoglobulin.
South African field strains of Haemonchus contortus resistant to the levamisole/morantel group of anthelmintics
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Van Schalkwyk, P.C.; Visser, Evelyn L.; Alves, Regina M.R.; Gerber, H.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Van Wyk, Jan Aucamp; Van Schalkwyk, Louwrens
A strain of Haemonchus contortus from the Pietermaritzburg district of Natal was found to be resistant to levamisole (geometric mean efficacy 76,5 %), morantel (41,9 %), the benzimidazoles (oxfendazole: 33,7 %) and rafoxanide (82,0% ), but apparently fully susceptible to closantel and disophenol. In the case of ivermectin, a mean of 5.2 % of the H. contortus was not removed at a dosage of 200 µg kgˉ¹ live mass. A second strain of H. contortus, from Amsterdam in the south-eastern Transvaal, showed reduced susceptibility to levamisole (80,8%) and morantel (46,2% ), the only 2 drugs tested. This is apparently the first report of resistance to the levamisole/morantel group of anthelmintics in sheep in South Africa.
Resistance of Nguni, Bonsmara and Hereford cattle to ticks in a Bushveld region of South Africa
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Spickett, Arthur M.; De Klerk, Daniel G.; Enslin, C.B.; Scholtz, M.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Counts of engorged female ticks on naturally infested cattle over a 2 year period, showed that indigenous Nguni cattle harboured significantly fewer Amblyomma hebraeum, Boophilus decoloratus and Hyalomma spp. during periods of peak abundance than either Bonsmara or Hereford cattle. Fewer abscesses, associated with tick bite, were also present in the Nguni cattle. Individual tick resistance indices, determined after artificial tick infestation in the field, could not be correlated with hair length, skin thickness or conglutinin titres. The consistently large percentage of Nguni cattle showing high tick resistance according to index determinations, indicates a superior level of natural immunity in this breed. The relative incidence of individuals in high, medium and low resistance classes reflected an increase in resistance with exposure to ticks and the potential for the selection for tick resistance within all 3 breeds.
Overberg Research Projects. VI. The biology and control of Oestrus ovis in sheep in the winter rainfall areas of the southern Cape
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Louw, J.P.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Oestrus ovis was endemic on all the farms included in a survey conducted in the southern Cape, but each farm had its own unique seasonal pattern of infestation. Flock sheep were infested 10-12 months and tracers 5-9 months of the year. Sporadic infestations occurred in winter and spring, while peaks were reached in summer and autumn. Development of O. ovis larvae deposited in autumn was retarded for up to 5½ months. Pupae of O. ovis formed from 27 April-9 August, with the exception of a single pupae formed on 29 June, failed to produce flies. Pupal periods ranged from 30 days in January to 80 days in June. Strategic anthelmintic treatments in May, August and November and a tactical treatment in March are recommended.
Availability of infective larvae of parasitic nematodes of sheep grazing on Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures in the winter rainfall area
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Reinecke, R.K.; Kirkpatrick, R.; Kriel, Anna M.D.; Frank, F.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Thirteen groups of 4 South African mutton Merinos grazed for 4 weeks with the flock on Kikuyu pastures and were slaughtered for total and differential worm counts at necropsy. Subsequently 12 groups of 8 week tracers grazed on the pastures and were killed for worm counts post mortem. The following were present in most sheep: Teladorsagia (syn. Ostertagia) circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Dictyocaulus filaria and Oesophagostomum venulosum. Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus spathiger and Trichuris skrjabini were less frequently recovered. Optimal conditions for infestation of grazing sheep occurred from June (late autumn)-October (spring) when mean temperatures in any 4 week period were <20 °C and a total of >40 mm of rain fell on 8 or more separate days. When the mean temperatures exceeded 20 °C pastures were safe, sheep acquiring< 1 000 worms in 4 weeks.
The structure of the shell and polar plugs of the egg of the whipworm, Trichuris trichiura (Nematoda : Trichuridae) from the Samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis)
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Appleton, C.C.; White, Belinda J.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
The structure of the shell of the egg of Trichuris trichiura was examined using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results confirmed its three-layered structure and provided evidence that the cores of the polar plugs, which could be seen to be extensions of the shell's middle layer, could be lost en bloc, either mechanically or chemically, and in this way probably provided an exit for the first stage larva at hatching.
Some observations on the narcotizing ability of electric currents on the common carp Cyprinus carpio
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Barham, W.T.; Schoonbee, H.J.; Visser, J.G.J.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Some effects of alternating current electronarcosis and of rectified current electronarcosis on C. carpio were investigated. In all instances recovery from narcosis was accompanied by convulsive spasms. Haemorrhaging of the gills was also observed to occur. Carp do not appear to be suitable candidates for electronarcosis.
Serological evidence of Q fever in cattle in Malawi
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Staley, G.P.; Chaparro, F.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Myburgh, Jan G.
The serological prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cattle in Malawi is unknown. Serum samples from 200 Malawian zebu cattle were tested for C. burnetii antibodies using the complement fixation test. The percentage of positive and suspicious titres was 1,5 % and 5 % respectively.
Comparative infection rates of Theileria parva lawrencei in salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Blouin, Edmour F.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; Stoltsz, Wilhelm Heinrich
Three cattle, which had been experimentally infected with Theileria parva lawrencei and maintained as carriers of the infection, were each infested simultaneously with clean nymphal Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis in ear bags on separate ears. After moulting, the ensuing adult ticks were fed on rabbits for 4 days and their salivary glands were examined for infective stages of the parasite. Microscopic examination revealed significantly higher infection rates in the salivary glands of R. zambeziensis than in R. appendiculatus which may indicate an increased vector efficiency of R. zambeziensis for T. p. lawrencei.
The fine structure of developmental stages of Babesia caballi in the salivary glands of Hyalomma truncatum
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Blouin, Edmour F.; De Waal, D.T.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
The development of Babesia caballi in the salivary glands of Hyalomma truncatum was studied at the electron microscopic level. Kinetes were first observed in the salivary glands of ticks on Day 2 of tick feeding and on each subsequent day of feeding until engorgement on Day 8. Sporogony appeared to involve the formation of cytomeres. After continued nuclear division, sporozoites formed when individual rounded nuclei were incorporated into portions of cytoplasm. Sporozoites were first observed on Day 4 of tick feeding and contained typical Babesia spp. organelles with a polar ring and up to 4 rhoptries, spherical bodies, a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and micronemes. The infection rate in the ticks was approximately 80%.
Adverse effects of a proposed equine sublethal endotoxin model
(Published by the Government Printer, Pretoria., 1989) Stadler, P.; Van Amstel, S.R.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Commercially available Escherichia coli 055: B5 lipopolysaccharide was administered intravenously experimentally at a dosage of 10 µg/kg to 2 horses. Various clinical and clinico-pathological parameters were monitored before and after the endotoxin administration. Because of a hopeless prognosis, and for humane reasons, euthanasia was applied on both horses 6 h after administration. Values recorded for the different parameters, including the blood lactate level, were consistent with a lethal condition. It would appear that an intravenous dose of 10 µg/kg of endotoxin is potentially lethal to horses.

Browse

Recent Submissions