1993 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 60, 1993

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/32328

Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 60: Number 1*

Osteology of the thoracic limb of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)	Smuts, MMS & Bezuidenhout, AJ	1

A host-parasite list of the haematozoa of domestic poultry in sub-Saharan Africa and the isolation of Plasmodium durae Herman from turkeys and francolins in South Africa	Huchzermeyer, FW	15

Parasites of South African freshwater fish. III. Rhabdochona (Rhabdochona) versterae n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the spot-tailed robber, Alestes imberi Peters 1852	Boomker, JDF & Petter, AJ	23

The identification of Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides LC as the aetiological agent of balanoposthitis and vulvovaginitis in sheep in South Africa	Prozesky, L, Trichard, CJV, Jordaan, P, Jacobsz, EP & Henton, MM	29

Detection of bluetongue virus RNA in cell cultures and in the central nervous system of experimentally infected mice using in situ hybridization	Venter, EH, Van der Lugt, JJ & Gerdes, GH	39

The use of EDTA in the microtitration serum agglutination test in bovine brucellosis	Potts, AD	47

A redescription of Lipoptena binocula (Speiser 1908) (Hippoboscidae: Diptera), with notes on its biology and comparisons with the other two flies of this genus in South Africa	Visagie, EJ	51

Dermacentor rhinocerinus (Denny 1843) (Acari: lxodida: Ixodidae) : redescription of the male, female and nymph and first description of the larva	Keirans, JE	59

An in vitro test to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of homologous immune serum on the infectivity of Cowdria ruminantium	Du Plessis, JL	69

Research communication:

Rhipicephalus zambeziensis unlikely to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus	Thomson, GR, Blouin, E, Potgieter, FT & Van Vuuren, C De WJ	75

Book review:

Veterinary public health		79

Guide for authors		81


*Volume 60: Number 2*

Generation of a nucleic acid probe specific for the alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 and its use for the detection of malignant catarrhal fever virus DNA in blue wildebeest calves (Connochaetes taurinus)	Michel, AL	87

Fleas and lice on scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) in South Africa	Horak, IG, Braack, LEO & Louw, JP	95

Pathogenicity and chemotherapy of Plasmodium durae in experimentally infected domestic turkeys	Huchzermeyer, FW	103

Circulation of African horsesickness virus in zebra (Equus burchelli) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, as measured by the prevalence of type specific antibodies	Barnard, BJH	111

Ultrastructure of ostrich (Struthio camelus) spermatozoa : I. Transmission electron microscopy	Soley, JT	119

Parasites of South African freshwater fish. IV. Description of Spirocamallanus daleneae n. sp. (Nematoda: Camallanidae) from Synodontis zambezensis Peters, 1852 (Mochokidae) with comments on Spirocamallanus spiralis (Baylis, 1923)	Boomker, JDF	131

Parasites of South African freshwater fish. V. Description of two new species of the genus Spinitectus Fourment, 1883 (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae)	Boomker, JDF	139

Plasmid-encoded NAD independence in some South African isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum	Verschoor, JA, Bragg, RR & Coetzee, L	147

Research communications:

The use of the GENETRAK Escherichia coli probe kit for the detection of three atypical E. coli isolates	Davis, AJ & Bragg, RR	153

Serological evidence of equine arteritis virus in donkeys in South Africa	Paweska, JT & Barnard, BJH	155

Variation in clinical disease and species susceptibility to psittacine beak and feather disease in Zimbabwean lovebirds	Kock, ND, Hangartner, PU & Lucke, V	159


*Volume 60: Number 3*

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXII. Ixodid ticks on scrub hares in the Transvaal	Horak, IG, Braack, LEO, Penzhorn, BL & Spickett, AM	163

Prevalence of antibodies against some equine viruses in zebra (Zebra burchelli) in the Kruger National Park, 1991-1992	Paweska, JT & Barnard, BJH	175

Monoclonal antibody characterization of South African field isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum	Verschoor, JA, Bragg, RR & Coetzee, L	181

Ultrastructure of the myenteric ganglia in the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum of grey, white and black Karakul lambs	Groenewald, HB	189

Ultrastructure of the epithelium of the rumen, reticulum and omasum of grey, white and black Karakul lambs	Groenewald, HB	197

Rhipicephalus aquatilis sp. nov. (Acari: Ixodidae), a new tick species parasitic mainly on the sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekei, in East and Central Africa	Walker, JB, Keirans, JE & Pegram, RG	205

Lymphocyte blast transformation responses and restriction fragment length analysis in the cheetah	Spencer, JA	211

The topography of the thoracic and abdominal organs of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)	Van der Merwe, NJ & Kotze, SH	219

Lice on helmeted guineafowls at five localities in South Africa	Horak, IG, Louw, JP, Meyer, S & Price, RD	223

Rhipicephalus exophthalmos sp. nov., a new tick species from southern Africa, and redescription of Rhipicephalus oculatus Neumann, 1901, with which it has hitherto been confused (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)	Horak, IG, Keirans, JE, Walker, JB & Heyne, H	229

Cyclic fluctuations in acetone concentrations in the blood and milk of clinically healthy dairy cows	Petzer, I-M, Apps, PJ, Giesecke, WH & Winterbach, HEK	247

Research communication:

Rabies and bats in a rabies-endemic area of southern Africa : application of two commercial test kits for antigen and antibody detection	Oelofsen, MJ & Smith, MS	257

Book review:

Health and management of free-ranging mammals		261


*Volume 60: Number 4*

Preface: The Southern and Eastern African Rabies Group (SEARG)

The molecular epidemiology of African Lyssaviruses

The rabies virus genome : an overview	Tordo, N & Kouknetzoff, A	263

Rabies virus antigenicity : an overview	Coulon, P, Lafay, F & Flamand, A	271

Taxonomy and evolutionary studies on Lyssaviruses with special reference to Africa	Bourhy, H, Kissi, B & Tordo, N	277

Monoclonal antibody studies on rabies-related viruses	King, AA	283

Molecular analysis of rabies-related viruses from Ethiopia	Mebatsion, T, Cox, JH & Conzelmann, KK	289

Canid and viverrid rabies viruses in South Africa	Thomson, GR, King, AA & Meredith, CD	295

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in South Africa	Nel, LH, Thomson, GR & Von Teichman, BF	301

Rabies in wild and domestic carnivores of Africa : epidemiological and historical associations determined by limited sequence analysis	Smith, JS, Yager, PA & Orciari, LA	307

Molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses : focus on the glycoprotein and pseudogenes	Badrane, H, Tordo, N, Sacramento, D & Bourhy, H	315

Rabies in wildlife

Rabies in southern Africa	Swanepoel, R, Barnard, BJH, Meredith, CD, Bishop, GC, Foggin, CM, Hubschle, OJB & Bruckner, GK	325

Wildlife rabies in perspective	Wandeler, AI	347

Rabies and wildlife : a conservation problem?	Macdonald, DW	351

Current status of fox rabies in Europe	Barrat, J & Aubert, MFA	357

Jackal rabies in Zimbabwe	Bingham, J & Foggin, CM	365

Biology of the black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas with reference to rabies	McKenzie, AA	367

The role of the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) in the epidemiology of rabies in South Africa - preliminary results	Chaparro, F & Esterhuysen, JJ	373

A systematic and population genetic approach to the rabies problem in the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata)	Taylor, PJ	379

Bat-eared fox behavioural ecology and the incidence of rabies in the Serengeti National Park	Maas, B	389

The bat-eared fox : a prime candidate for rabies vector?	Nel, JAJ	395

Rabies in bat-eared foxes in South Africa	Thomson, GR & Meredith, CD	399

Social systems and behaviour of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus and the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta with special reference to rabies	Mills, MGL	405

Rabies in the Masai Mara, Kenya : preliminary report	Alexander, KA, Smith, JS, Macharia, MJ & King, AA	411

Aspects of rabies infection and control in the conservation of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) in the Serengeti region, Tanzania	King, AA, Laurenson, MK, Borner, M, Schildger, B & Barrat, J	415

Development of bait vaccines for the control of canine rabies

Canine rabies	Fekadu, M	421

Dog ecology in eastern and southern Africa - implications for rabies control	Perry, BD	429

A dog ecology study in an urban and a semi-rural area of Zambia	De Balogh, KKIM & Wandeler, AI	437

Features of dog ecology relevant to rabies spread in Machakos District, Kenya	Kitala, PM, McDermott, JJ, Kyule, MN & Cathuma, JM	445

The delivery of oral rabies vaccines to dogs : an African perspective	Perry, BD & Wandeler, AI	451

SAG-2 oral rabies vaccine	Schumacher, CL, Coulon, P, Lafay, F, Benejean, J, Aubert, MFA, Barrat, J, Aubert, A & Flamand, A	459

Recombinant rabies vaccines : efficacy assessment in free-ranging animals	Rupprecht, CE, Hanlon, CA, Niezgoda, M, Buchanan, JR, Diehl, D & Koprowski, H	463

Rabies eradication in Belgium by fox vaccination using vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus	Brochier, B & Pastoret, PP	469

Oral rabies vaccination of jackals : progress in Zimbabwe	Bingham, J, Perry, BD, King, AA, Schumacher, CL, Aubert, M, Kappeler, A, Foggin, CM, Hill, FWG & Aubert, A	477

Bait formulation and distribution for oral rabies vaccination of domestic dogs : an overview	Linhart, SB	479

List of delegates who attended a workshop on Rabies in southern and eastern Africa. Proceedings of a workshop held at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa, 3-5 May 1993		491

Author index		493

Subject index		501

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 73

Subject index
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Anonymous; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Author index
(Pretoria : Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
List of delegates who attended a workshop on Rabies in southern and eastern Africa. Proceedings of a workshop held at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa, 3-5 May 1993
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Anonymous; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Bait formulation and distribution for oral rabies vaccination of domestic dogs : an overview
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Linhart, S.B.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Current efforts to develop oral rabies vaccine baits for domestic dogs are reviewed and new materials (bait matrices, additives, vaccine containers, vaccine modification) for improving bait acceptance and vaccine delivery are suggested. Methods that have been used to evaluate the food or bait preferences of confined and free-ranging animals are summarized, as are the guidelines for bait distribution compiled by the World Health Organization.
Oral rabies vaccination of jackals : progress in Zimbabwe
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Bingham, J.; Perry, B.D. (Brian D.), 1946-; King, A.A.; Schumacher, C.L.; Aubert, M.; Kappeler, A.; Foggin, Chris M.; Hill, F.W.G.; Aubert, A.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Work on the development of an oral vaccination system for jackals is underway at the Veterinary Laboratory (Diagnostics and Research Branch), Zimbabwe. It is anticipated that the system will be used to control the large rabies epidemics that occur in jackals in Zimbabwe.
Rabies eradication in Belgium by fox vaccination using vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Brochier, B.; Pastoret, P.P.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Oral immunization of foxes against rabies, by distributing vaccine-baits in the field, has been in progress since 1993 in the whole of the infected area of Belgium (10 000 km²). A vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus (VR-G) was used as vaccine because of its efficacy, safety and heat-stability. The successive campaigns of fox vaccination have induced a drastic decrease in rabies incidence and in 1993 there were no cases of rabies detected in the fox population. A marked decrease of human post-exposure treatments and the elimination of the disease in domestic animals have been the consequence of fox rabies control.
SAG-2 oral rabies vaccine
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Schumacher, C.L.; Coulon, Patrice; Lafay, F.; Benejean, J.; Aubert, M.F.A.; Barrat, J.; Aubert, A.; Flamand, Anne; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
The live modified rabies virus vaccine strain SAG-2 was selected from SAD Berne in a two step process employing anti-rabies glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies. The first two nucleotides coding for the amino acid in position 333 of the rabies glycoprotein are mutated. Arginine at position 333, which is associated with rabies pathogenicity, was substituted first by lysine and then by glutamic acid. The two nucleotide differences at position 333 in SAG-2 to any of six possible arginine triplets translated into excellent genetic stability and apathogenicity for adult mice, foxes, cats and dogs. The vaccination of foxes and dogs by the oral route provided protection against a lethal challenge with rabies virus.
A dog ecology study in an urban and a semi-rural area of Zambia
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) De Balogh, K.K.I.M.; Wandeler, A.I. (Alexander I.); Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Meslin, Francois-Xavier; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Characteristics of dog populations and their accessibility for rabies vaccination were compared in an urban and a semi-rural area in Zambia. A total of 1190 households were interviewed. In the urban study area (Mutendere, a low income suburb of Lusaka) only 11 % of the households kept dogs with a dog:human ratio of 1:45. In the semi-rural area (Palabana) dogs were kept by 42% of households with a dog:human ratio of 1:6,7. In conjuction with the study of the dog populations in these two areas, immunization of dogs against rabies was provided by door-to-door visits in both study areas and also through central point vaccination in the urban area. The attitude of the public towards free rabies vaccinations was positive, although some misconceptions regarding indications and modalities of treatment following exposure to suspect dogs were found. Approximately 50% of the dog removals were as a result of disease and the demand for dogs was higher than the supply. Although only information on the owned segment of the dog population was obtained during the study, the proportion of ownerless dogs appeared to be very low. Generally, there is a need for better co-ordination between the different services involved in rabies control in Zambia to enhance the sustainability of vaccination programmes and improve the treatment of persons bitten by dogs.
Features of dog ecology relevant to rabies spread in Machakos District, Kenya
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Kitala, P.M.; McDermott, J.J.; Kyule, M.N.; Cathuma, J.M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
A random sample of households in Machakos District of Kenya was surveyed using personal interviews to determine features of dog ecology relevant to the spread of rabies. A mean of 1,35 dogs/household, a dog to person ratio of 1:9,6 and a mean of 10,4 dogs/km² were estimated. The male to female ratio was 1:0,67 with 26% of the dog population being less than three months old. The dogs had a mean age of 1,8 years. The proportion of the dogs which fed on household leftovers and waste was 94,7%. Dogs were restricted in 19,4% of the households, while 69% of the dogs spent all of their time free outdoors. One-third of the dog population over three months old had been vaccinated against rabies. Considering the endemic status of rabies in Machakos District, methods which could be devised to control the disease are discussed.
The delivery of oral rabies vaccines to dogs : an African perspective
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Perry, B.D. (Brian D.), 1946-; Wandeler, A.I. (Alexander I.); Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Dog rabies control relies principally on the mass immunization of dogs in order to achieve population immunity levels sufficient to inhibit rabies transmission. In Africa, such high levels of population immunity are rarely achieved due to a number of reasons. Oral immunization has been shown to be an effective means of inducing high levels of immunity in fox populations in several European countries, and this technique has been mooted as a means of overcoming the logistical problems of delivering injectable rabies vaccines to dogs. This paper discusses the requirements for oral rabies vaccines for dogs in Africa and reviews the trials performed to date on baits and baiting systems suitable for the delivery of such vaccines. Issues affecting possible rabies vaccine distribution in the future are discussed and the major research issues still to be tackled are summarized.
Recombinant rabies vaccines : efficacy assessment in free-ranging animals
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Rupprecht, Charles Edward; Hanlon, C.A.; Niezgoda, M.; Buchanan, J.R.; Diehl, D.; Koprowski, H.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
With the advancement of recombinant DNA techniques, a number of potent biologicals are available for the oral vaccination of free-ranging animals. Once oral immunogenicity and vaccine safety have been demonstrated, efficacy then becomes of paramount importance. Classical assessment of efficacy is conducted under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, whereas efficacy of oral wildlife rabies vaccination programs, to date, have been assessed by the lack (or occurrence) of field cases of rabies in a vaccinated area. This communication describes an intermediate vaccine efficacy strategy in which self-vaccinated, free-ranging animals from a study site were captured seven months after vaccine-laden bait distribution for laboratory rabies challenge. This technique is specifically reviewed in the context of available recombinant products for the consideration of extension towards dog rabies control.
Dog ecology in eastern and southern Africa - implications for rabies control
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Perry, B.D. (Brian D.), 1946-; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
With an apparent decline in rabies vaccination coverage in dog populations in many parts of eastern and southern Africa, consideration should be given to more effective targeting of rabies vaccination to protect those sectors of the dog population with the greatest capacity to transmit rabies. This paper discusses the potential contributions that dog ecology studies may make to the improved delivery of rabies control measures and the targeting of vaccination programmes in the region. Data requirements on dog population size and structure are discussed, methods for collection of such data are summarized, and the studies on dog ecology carried out to date within the region are reviewed.
Aspects of rabies infection and control in the conservation of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) in the Serengeti region, Tanzania
(Pretoria : Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Gascoyne, S.C.; King, A.A.; Laurenson, M.K.; Borner, M.; Schildger, B.; Barrat, J.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Lycaon pictus is amongst the most endangered wildlife species in Africa. In 1990 rabies virus was isolated from the brain of an adult Lycaon found dead in the Serengeti region of Tanzania. One adult and six pups of the same pack feeding on the carcass showed clinical signs and rabies was suspected; within two days they had disappeared and are presumed to have died. Subsequently, two Lycaon packs in the Serengeti National Park were given inactivated rabies vaccine either by dart or by parenteral inoculation following anaesthesia. Lycaon sera which had been collected over the previous two years and sera collected pre- and post-vaccination were examined for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibody. Three of 12 unvaccinated Lycaon had antibody levels > 0,5IU/ml; post-vaccination samples from two Lycaon showed increased antibody levels. Between four and ten months post-vaccination, at least four of the vaccinated animals, had died from unknown causes. Issues relating to wildlife vaccination and veterinary intervention in conservation are discussed.
Rabies in the Masai Mara, Kenya : preliminary report
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Alexander, K.A.; Smith, J.S.; Macharia, M.J.; King, A.A.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
A serosurvey of rabies antibodies among domestic dogs (Canis familiaris, n=178), spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta, n=72) and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus, n=18) of the Masai Mara, Kenya, was carried out. Rabies antibodies were found in 9,6% of the domestic dog sera, but all wild dog and hyaena sera were negative. Rabies has been confirmed in this region among the above species as well as in a domestic cat (Felis catus) and a cow (Bos indicus) by fluorescent antibody tests (FAT) and/or histopathology. The disease was confirmed in three wild dogs in 1989 and in a fourth dog in early 1991. In 1992, a spotted hyaena attacked six people, one of whom died; the hyaena brain was positive for rabies. To date, rabies has been confirmed in one domestic cow (n=22; 4,5%), one domestic cat (n=9; 11,1%) and five domestic dogs (n=32; 15,6%). The wild dog cases exhibited paralytic rabies whereas in the hyaena, domestic cat and domestic dogs furious rabies was observed. The dynamics of rabies in this ecosystem is not yet fully understood, but based on these preliminary data it is suspected that domestic dogs play a primary role in its maintenance.
Canine rabies
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Fekadu, M.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Dog rabies is still epizootic in most countries of Africa, Asia and South America and in these countries dogs are responsible for most human deaths from the disease. The incubation period in dogs may vary from one week to several months and may be influenced by the site of infection and the virus dose and strain. Diagnosis by clinical signs alone is inadequate since many rabid dogs develop dumb rabies which can easily be overlooked and others die without showing signs of rabies. Rabies virus may be excreted in the saliva before clinical signs appear and may lead to infection of an unsuspecting and untreated bite victim. Dogs may recover from clinical rabies and may then intermittently excrete virus in the saliva. Prevention of human rabies depends on the control of canine rabies which can only be achieved by mass-immunization and control of stray dog populations.
The role of the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) in the epidemiology of rabies in South Africa - preliminary results
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Chaparro, F.; Esterhuysen, J.J.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Ninety-seven yellow mongooses were captured in six different localities in South Africa and blood specimens for rabies antibody determination as well as brain and salivary glands for virus isolation were collected. No rabies virus or antibody to it was detected in any of the specimens. Parallel to the field study, two experimental infections were undertaken in which yellow mongooses were artificially infected with serial dilutions of two different rabies isolates (one from a dog and the other of mongoose origin) in order to determine the minimal lethal dose (MLD₅₀), clinical signs, duration of illness, course of the disease, presence of virus in the saliva and salivary glands and development of antibodies to rabies virus. A significantly higher proportion of mongooses inoculated with mongoose virus died than did those inoculated with the dog isolate. However, the clinical signs, incubation period, duration of illness and development of antibodies were independent of the dose of the inoculum. The levels of rabies virus in the saliva and salivary glands were high in all clinically affected animals infected with the mongoose isolate but only one of the two mongooses which died following inoculation of the dog isolate contained detectable levels of virus in the salivary glands. Antibodies to rabies were detected only in the terminal stages of clinical disease..
Jackal rabies in Zimbabwe
(Pretoria : Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Bingham, J.; Foggin, Chris M.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Biology of the black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas with reference to rabies
(Pretoria : Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand; McKenzie, Andrew Alec
The black-backed jackal is represented in rabies records from southern Africa and is suspected of playing an important role in the disease in this region. The basic biology of the species suggests that it does have certain characteristics that could make it an ideal rabies vector. However, the enigmatically low incidence of rabies in undisturbed jackal populations suggests that more subtle processes may be involved. It is suggested that jackal society is arranged in the form of cryptic packs and that disruption of the hierachy through persecution may increase agonistic encounters and thence the incidence of rabies. Suggestions are made for the incorporation of the jackal in rabies control programmes without resorting to extermination.
Current status of fox rabies in Europe
(Pretoria : Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Barrat, J.; Aubert, M.F.A.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
There was a general decline in animal rabies in Europe in 1991 following the peak levels which occurred in 1989. This was ascribed, in France at least, to the normal decline in cases usually experienced following peak occurrence and also to oral immunization of foxes against rabies. European countries in which rabies occurs may be infected by fox, insectivorous bat or dog rabies. This paper makes a general summary of the rabies situation in Europe in 1991 and presents data obtained in 1991 from 15 European countries using oral vaccination against fox rabies.
Rabies and wildlife : a conservation problem?
(Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 1993) Macdonald, David W.; Rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Workshop. (1993, Pretoria, South Africa); Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Understanding the behavioural ecology of wild mammals in rabies epizootics is a prerequisite to scientifically sound management of the disease. The principal vectors of wildlife rabies in a region tend to be abundant representatives of the Carnivora. Although the population dynamics of these species may be radically affected by rabies, and by attempts to control it, they are generally not threatened with widespread extinction as a result. However, the cases of the Blanford's fox, Vulpes cana, the Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis, and the African wild dog, Lycaon pictus, illustrate how rabies and its control can pose grave conservation problems for rare carnivores. Disease monitoring is therefore an important element of recovery plans for rare species which are potential victims of rabies and other epizootic pathogens, and the benefits and disbenefits of prophylactic vaccination merit serious evaluation

Browse

Recent Submissions