1934 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Volume 2, 1934

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 2: Number 1*

Section I: Protozoology

The trypanosome infection of Glossina pallidipes in the Umfolosi Game Reserve, Zululand	Whitnall, ABM	7

Section II: Bacteriology

Thomsen's hemagglutination phenomenon; isolation of a J-like bacillus	Mason, JH	25

A note on the cultivation of anaerobes	Mason, JH	29

The liquefaction of inspissated serum by the "lamb dysentery bacillus"	Mason, JH	33

Section III: Parasitology

Descriptions of new species of Anoplura parasitic on antelopes and a hare	Bedford, GAH	41

South African ticks. Part I	Bedford, GAH	49

The vegetable diet theory of Glossina pallidipes	Harris, RHT & Whitnall, ABM	101

Section IV: Mineral Metabolism

Studies in mineral metabolism. XXVII. Modifications of the methods used at Onderstepoort for the determination of (a) magnesium and calcium, (b) potassium in grass-extracts	Holzapfel, CR	115

Studies in mineral metabolism. XXVIII. Methods of the micro-determination of iodine in biological material	Blom, IJB	123

Studies in mineral metabolism. XXIX. The iodine content of foodstuffs in relation to the occurrence of endemic goitre in the Langkloof Valley	Blom, IJB	131

Studies in mineral metabolism. XXX. Variations in the iodine content of grasses at different stages of growth and a note on the iodine content of milk	Blom, IJB	139

Section V: Chemical Blood Studies

Chemical blood studies. VI. A serial study of a 12 months' period of some organic constituents in "laked" and "unlaked" blood filtrates of healthy sheep (Merino) of various ages	Hamersma, PJ	153

Section VI: Dips and Dipping

Researches into dips and dipping. A. Lime-sulphur dips. Paper IV. Further studies on the colorimetric method as a rapid means of control of polysulphide solutions	Wilken-Jorden, TJ	231

Researches into dips and dipping. A. Lime-sulphur dips. Paper V. The minimum effective concentration of lime-sulphur dips for sheep scab eradication	Bedford, GAH & Wilken-Jorden, TJ	239

Researches into dips and dipping. A. Lime-sulphur dips. Paper VI. A survey of the behaviour of lime-sulphur dips under field conditions	Hambrock, HA, Wilken-Jorden, TJ & Graf, H	243

Researches into dips and dipping. C. Miscellaneous. The effect of dosing aloes to tick-infected cattle	Bedford, GAH & Wilken-Jorden, TJ	267

Researches into dips and dipping. D. Effect of dips on wool. Paper I. The effect of arsenical dips on wool	Hambrock, HA.& Wilken-Jorden, TJ	271

Section VII: Animal Husbandry

A statistical analysis of growth and carcase measurements of baconers	Murray, GN	301

Studies on the origin of the sulphur in wool. I. A study of the Sullivan technique for cystine	Rossouw, SD & Wilken-Jorden, TJ	361


*Volume 2: Number 2*

Section I: Virus Diseases

The immunization of horses and mules against horsesickness by means of the neurotropic virus of mice and guinea pigs	Alexander, RA & Du Toit, PJ	375

The occurrence and identification of bluetongue in cattle - the so-called pseudo-foot and mouth disease in South Africa	Bekker, JG, De Kock, GVDW & Quilan, JB	393

Investigations into the transmission of bluetongue in sheep during the season 1931-32	Nieschulz, O, Bedford, GAH & Du Toit, RM	509

Section II: Mineral Metabolism and Deficiency

Studies in mineral metabolism. XXXI. Minimum mineral requirements of cattle. Second report	Du Toit, PJ, Malan, Al & Groenewald, JW	565

A study of the mineral content and feeding value of natural pastures in the Union of South Africa.Second report	Du Toit, PJ, Malan, AI, Louw, JG., Holzapfel, CR & Roets, GCS	607

A well-balanced ration for stock rats	Kellerman, JH	649

Section III: Physiology

Studies in sex physiology. No. 10. The situation of the developing foetus in the Merino sheep	Curson, HH & Quinlan, JB	657

Section IV: Poisonous Plants

Chase Valley disease. Cestrum laevigatum Schlecht. (Inkberry plant), its toxic effects on ruminants	Thorburn, TA	667

Urginea capitata Baker - the berg slangkop, its toxic effects on ruminants, with a brief botanical survey of area	Mitchell, DT, Bayer, AM & Canham, AS	681

Author index		690

Subject index		693

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 30

A study of the mineral content and feeding value of natural pastures in the Union of South Africa. Second report
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Du Toit, P.J.; Malan, A.I.; Louw, J.G.; Holzapfel, C.R.; Roets, G.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
Subject index
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
Researches into dips and dipping. C. Miscellaneous : the effect of dosing aloes to tick-infected cattle
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Bedford, G.A.H.; Wilken-Jorden, T.J.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
The tests demonstrated that single doses of from 8 to 15 dr. aloes and daily doses for five days of from 30 to 60 gm. aloes to cattle do not cause ticks to leave their hosts, and no dead ticks were found on the animals. Apart from the negative effect on the ticks, the disadvantageous effect on the animals in producing marked purgation makes this treatment most undesirable.
Author index
(Pretoria : Union of South Africa, Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
Studies in mineral metabolism. XXX. Variations in the iodine content of grasses at different stages of growth and a note on the iodine content of milk
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Blom, I.J.B.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
Studies in mineral metabolism. XXXI. Minimum mineral requirements of cattle. Second report
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Du Toit, P.J.; Malan, A.I.; Groenewald, J.W.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
A statistical analysis of growth and carcase measurements of baconers
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Murray, G.N.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
No abstract available.
Investigations into the transmission of bluetongue in sheep during the season 1931/1932
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Bedford, G.A.H.; Nieschulz, Otto; Du Toit, Rene M.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
During the summer 1931/32 transmission experiments with bluetongue in sheep were carried out at Onderstepoort. Owing to lack of rain, the season was very unfavourable for our work. The result of a mosquito survey had pointed to Aedes species as being very suitable transmitters from an epizootological point of view, and some species of this genus were used for our experiments. Three strains of virus were used, the vaccine strain of the laboratory and 2 strains from natural cases, obtained towards the end of the season. Nearly 3,000 clean mosquitoes were fed on 18 infected sheep, the majority belonging to Aedes caballus and A. lineatopennis, and only relatively small numbers of 5 other species including A. hirsutus, A. vittatus and A. dentatus. In 22 experiments, 324 specimens were injected into sheep after periods ranging between ½ and 45 days, 127 A. caballus, 125 A. lineatopennis, the remainder belonging to A. vittatus, A. hirsutus, A. dentatus and A. punctothoracis. Infected mosquitoes were refer 346 times after 14-29 days on susceptible sheep at periods varying between 14 and 29 days, viz. , 281 A. caballus, 61 A. lineatopennis and 4 A. hirsutus and A. durbanensis. Three positive results were obtained. In the first case 5 mosquitoes were injected shortly after their infection, showing only that sufficient virus was taken up. In the second case 60 A. lineatopennis were injected after 17-19 days, and in the last experiment 15 specimens of the same species refed after 14-15 days. In the last case no immunity was acquired but the presence of virus could be ascertained by subinoculation. All the other experiments were either negative or the results doubtful. Aedes lineatopennis seems to be a transmitter of bluetongue, very adapted for this purpose from an epizootological point of view owing to its breeding habits and behaviour in the adult stage. It could not be ascertained if this species is an important or only a more or less accidental transmitter. Aedes caballus does not seem capable of transmitting the disease. The work carried out up to now does not present a solution of the problem of the natural transmission of bluetongue.
Researches into dips and dipping. A. Lime-sulphur dips. Paper IV. Further studies on the colorimetric method as a rapid means of control of polysulphide solutions
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Wilken-Jorden, T.J.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
As a continuation of the preliminary study of the colorimetric method as a rapid means of control of polysulphide solutions, the effect of free alkali on sodium polysulphide solutions at room temperature was studied, since in the process of dipping the washing-out of the suint of the fleece results in the interaction of clipwash with alkali and in the formation of alkali polysulphides. It was found that the chemical interaction, as revealed by ordinary chemical analysis, is slight, though the colorimetric study reveals a marked change in chemical nature. This change was ascribed, either to the formation of a complex compound between the alkali and the polysulphide, or to the existence of different isomers of the polysulphides in solution. The observation that field samples of lime-sulphur cannot be directly compared calorimetrically is thus partially explained. It was further shown that the addition of excess sodium carbonate and alcohol causes immediate precipitation of all turbidity-forming materials, rendering a perfectly clear solution of the alkali polysulphides which can be matched against a potassium dichromate standard. In this way fairly accurate values were obtained with both used and unused lime-sulphur clip washes. It is proposed to apply this colorimetric principle for evolving a simple field method of control.
The occurrence and identification of bluetongue in cattle - the so-called pseudo-foot and mouth disease in South Africa
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Bekker, J.G.; De Kock, G.v.d.W.; Quinlan, J.B.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
Researches into dips and dipping. D. Effects of dips on wool. Paper I. The effect of arsenical dips on wool
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Hambrock, H.A.; Wilken-Jorden, T.J.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
The effect of the two arsenical dips, viz.: Cooper's powder dip and sodium arsenite, on the fleece has been studied from several angles. The process of dipping, results in the leaching out of suint constituents, thereby influencing the hygroscopicity of the raw wool, especially at 100 per cent. humidity. The use of arsenicals as dips results in the contamination of the fleece with arsenic, some of this arsenic remaining in the fibres even after scouring. When using the correct concentrations, the dips themselves do not cause any noticeable damage to the fibre, except that Cooper's dip tends to stain the fleece yellow by depositing its insoluble constituents. Should, however, the alkalinity of the dips rise above pH 10•3, the soundness of the fibres may be seriously affected. Under normal conditions, however, the undesirable effect of dipping on the fibre soundness must be ascribed to the process of clipping as such, and not to the use of the chemicals here studied. In-vitro studies have shown that this dipping effect in turn is merely a secondary cause of damage, the initiative and primary cause of fibre damage being the effect of the ultra-violet radiations of ordinary sunlight. In this respect arsenates and arsenites would appear to protect the fibre, rather than causing further damage, since pure water is appreciably more deleterious to such radiated wools than arsenite solutions. Cooper's dip renders additional protection to the fibre, the yellow film staining the fibres impeding the penetration of the ultra-violet rays to the fibre itself. The theoretical implications of these observations have been discussed and explained. The natural grease and suint on the fibres were not found to afford sufficient protection against the effects of sunlight. In how far these observations affect the fleece on the sheep's back must still be further investigated. It may be expected, however, that repeated dipping would aggravate this photo-chemical effect, since the staple-formation is thereby destroyed, thus exposing a greater portion of the fleece to direct radiation.
South African ticks : part I
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Bedford, G.A.H.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
No abstract available.
Chemical blood studies. VI. A serial study over a 12 month period of some organic constituents in "laked" and "unlaked" blood filtrates of healthy sheep (Merino) of various ages
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Hamersma, P.J.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
1. "Laked" and "unlaked" blood filtrates of 23 sheep of various ages were analysed. 2. The blood analyses were done over a period of 15 months in the case of 20 sheep, and 11 months in the case of 3 lambs. The same animals have always been used during the stated period. 3. Determinations of all the groups have been made for haemoglobin, total nitrogen, urea nitrogen, "total" creatinine nitrogen, uric acid nitrogen and amino-acid nitrogen in the two blood filtrates respectively. 4. The normal range and the average of each constituent, together with the average difference %, etc., of all the groups are given. 5. Graphs of two groups (A and B) of the 5 groups illustrate the averages of all the constituents (except Hb, and T .N.) of the blood over the stated periods; and other graphs the nitrogen containing substances (except T.N.) expressed as per cent. of the N.P.N. 6. Comparisons of the results with those of other workers are included.
A note on the cultivation of anaerobes
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Mason, J.H.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
1. A method of obtaining and sterilising a serum-haemolysed-cell-mixture is described. 2. Its growth stimulating effect on anaerobes is noted. 3. Boiled alkalised serum and serum-cells have no growth stimulating action on anaerobes.
Researches into dips and dipping. A. Lime-sulphur dips. Paper V. The minimum effective concentration of lime-sulphur dips for sheep scab eradication
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Bedford, G.A.H.; Wilken-Jorden, T.J.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
The tests demonstrate that lime-sulphur dips used at a strength varying between 0.9 and 0.3 per cent. polysulphide sulphur may be effective in curing sheep of scab when badly infected. When used at a lower concentration it was found to be ineffective. In one test, however, in which the strength of the first clip was 0.25 per cent. and the second dip 0.3 per cent. polysulphicle sulphur, some of the sheep were apparently cured of the disease as only fresh lesions could be found on them, indicating that they had become reinfected through contact with others which were not cured. It is obvious, therefore, that the dip, when used at a strength of 0.3 per cent., cannot always be relied upon to cure animals of scab, and should, in the interests of safety, be avoided at all stages in the process of dipping.
Studies in mineral metabolism XXVIII. Methods for the micro-determination of iodine in biological material
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Blom, I.J.B.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
Micro-analytical methods for the determination of iodine in biological substances are discussed and the efficiency of the nickel dish method compared with that of the dry oxidation in a closed system. It is shown that under the conditions specified the error in duplicate analyses does not exceed 20 per cent., while over 80 per cent. of the total iodine present, i.e. iodine in the original material plus the amount added, can be recovered.
Studies in mineral metabolism XXVII. Modifications of the methods used at Onderstepoort for the determination of (a) magnesium and calcium; (b) potassium in grass-extracts
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Holzapfel, C.R.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
A modified method for determining calcium and magnesium in grass-extracts is described, and the effect of iron on the original magnesium determination illustrated. Also, a modification of the washing mixture substituting ammonia for sodium hydroxide, for washing the precipitate of magnesium ammonium phosphate was found necessary.
Chase Valley disease. Cestrum laevigatum Schlecht. (Inkberry plant), its toxic effects on ruminants
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Thorburn, J.A.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
In this paper the symptoms and lesions of an acute plant poisoning occurring near Pietermaritzburg, Natal, are described. The cause was found to be the green leaves and berries of the inkberry plant, Cestrum Laevigatum Schlecht. The plant was found to be in the toxic stage in the months of June and July. Only cattle are affected under natural conditions and the poisoning is usually very acute in type. Symptoms of acute abdominal pain are noticed and the animal may become aggressive. Inco-ordination of movements and staggering gait are seen and all the general symptoms of an acute poisoning. Post mortem, epicardial, endocardial and myocardial haemorrhages are observed. Marked congestion of the liver and spleen are usually noticed and the caecum is usually filled with blood. Treatment is symptomatic.
Studies in sex physiology. No. 10 : the situation of the developing foetus in the Merino sheep
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Curson, H.H.; Quinlan, J.B.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
The authors were able to make use of a large amount of material from Merino ewes which had been used for fertility experiments by Quinlan and co-workers. They concluded that, not only in the ewe but also in the mare and cow, the situation of the developing fetus is not known with any certainty. Examination of the gravid uteri of the dead sheep indicated that longitudinal presentation apparently remained the same throughout a particular pregnancy whereas position and posture, apart from orientation, were likely to be changed, the former especially in early pregnancy and the latter in late pregnancy. Of 36 single pregnancies, the foetuses were placed in the right uterine horn in 21 cases and in the left in 15.
The immunization of horses and mules against horsesickness by means of the neurotropic virus of mice and guinea pigs
(Union of South Africa : Dept. of Agriculture, 1934) Alexander, R.A.; Du Toit, P.J.; Du Toit, P.J.; Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture
Details of the results obtained from the injection of horses and mules with neurotropic mouse and guinea pig adapted virus are given. It is shown that the virulence of horsesickness virus progressively decreases for equines as neurotropic fixation takes place by serial passage through mice and guinea-pigs. The attenuation occurs more rapidly through the guinea-pig, but it is not known whether the ultimate level will not be the same. All animals which survive an injection of one infective dose of neurotropic virus, whether or not a demonstrable reaction is produced, are immune to the homologous strain of virus. Immunity to heterologous strains is at most only partial. No difference in favour of either the subcutaneous or intravenous method of injection could be determined. It is shown that the subcutaneous injection of as small a dose as 10 c.c. of a 1:10,000 dilution of infective brain emulsion is adequate. Attention is directed to the phenomenon of a high concentration of infective guinea-pig brain emulsion producing a milder reaction than a low but still infective concentration. The possibility of developing a polyvalent vaccine is discussed.

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