1970 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 37, 1970

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 37: Number 1*

The influence of magnesium sulphate on the absorption, excretion and retention of calcium and phosphorus by sheep fed on phosphate supplemented rations	Myburgh, SJ & Du Toit, J de V	1

Cytauxzoonosis in a giraffe [Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)] in Zululand	McCully, RM, Keep, ME & Basson, PA	7

Parasitic and other diseases of the African buffalo in the Kruger National Park	Basson, PA, McCully, RM, Kruger, SP, Van Niekerk, JW, Young, E & De Vos, V	11

Studies on the host range of Eimeria chinchillae De Vos & Van der Westhuizen, 1968	De Vos, AJ	29

A clinico-pathological study of bilharziasis in sheep	Malherbe, WD	37

Uterine coccidiosis of the impala caused by Eimeria neitzi spec. novo	McCully, RM, Basson, PA, De Vos, V & De Vos, AJ	45

The application of improved techniques to the identification of strains of bluetongue virus	Howell, PG, Kumm, NA & Botha, MJ	59

Electron microscopy of Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium (Cowdry, 1926) in the endothelial cells of the vertebrate host	Pienaar, JG	67


*Volume 37: Number 2*

Experimental infection of game animals with lumpy skin disease virus (prototype strain Neethling)	Young, E, Basson, PA & Weiss, KE	79

Pathogenesis of heartwater. I. Cowdria ruminantium in the lymph nodes of domestic ruminants	Du Plessis, JL	89

Relationship of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis protoplasmic toxins to the exotoxin	Cameron, CM & Smit, MC	97

Observations on the pathogenesis of bovine and antelope strains of Besnoitia besnoiti (Marotel, 1912) infection in cattle and rabbits	Basson, PA, McCully, RM & Bigalke, RD	105

Comparative study on the efficiency of water soluble phosphates and a dry phosphate lick for sheep fed on mature grass hay	Myburgh, SJ & Du Toit, J de V	127

Plaque formation by African horsesickness virus and characterization of its RNA	Oellermann, RA	137

Research note:

Further observations on the ultrastructure of ephemeral fever virus	Lecatsas, G	145


*Volume 37: Number 3*

Immunity in heartwater: I. A preliminary note on the role of serum antibodies	Du Plessis, JL	147

Changes in the levels of plasma electrolytes and glucose in severe artificially induced acidosis in Merino sheep	Procos, J, Schubert, A & Briel, BJ	151

Immune response to dead and live Eschericia coli vaccines and colostral transfer of immunity to calves and lambs	Cameron, CM & Fuls, WJP	157

Studies on the transmission of African horsesickness	Wetzel, H, Nevill, EM & Erasmus, BJ	165

The antigenicity of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin administered per os	Jansen, BC, Knoetze, PC & Visser, F	169

Experimental diamidine poisoning due to commonly used babecides	Naude, TW, Basson, PA & Pienaar, JG	173


*Volume 37: Number 4*

Eimeria chinchillae De Vos & Van der Westhuizen, 1968 and other Eimeria spp. from three South African rodent species	De Vos, AJ & Dobson, LD	185

Macromolecular synthesis in bluetongue virus infected cells. I. Virus-specific ribonucleic acid synthesis	Huismans, H	191

Macromolecular synthesis in bluetongue virus infected cells. II. Host cell metabolism	Huismans, H	199

Intersexuality in the horse	Gerneke, WH & Coubrough, RI	211

Immune response of rabbits, mice and sheep to polyvalent Pasteurella vaccine	Cameron, CM & Smit, G	217

Research note:

Failure to demonstrate in vitro as opposed to in vivo transcription of the bluetongue virus genome	Verwoerd, DW	225

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 28

Failure to demonstrate in vitro as opposed to in vivo transcription of the bluetongue virus genome
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
Intersexuality in the horse
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Gerneke, W.H.; Coubrough, R.I.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A cytogenetic and clinical study of an intersexual Arabian horse revealed it to be a genetic female but a gonadal male intersex. This corresponds in general to previously reported cases, which have been genetic females despite the presence of male gonads (or ovotestes). The reliability and ease of polymorph sexing in the horse as a method of determining the genetic sex has been confirmed. Once this is known an easy decision can be made as to the feasibility of castration or not. In the case described castration resulted in an improved feminine appearance.
Immune response of rabbits, mice and sheep to polyvalent Pasteurella vaccine
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Smit, Gertruida; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A polyvalent alum-precipitated vaccine containing Pasteurella multocida (Lehmann & Neuman, 1899) types A and D and four serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica (Newsom & Cross, 1932) produced a sound immunity in mice and sheep to challenge with the homologous strains of P. multocida. The vaccine also stimulated a marked increase in the haemagglutination titres and passive protection values of the serum to the homologous strains of P. multocida. The antibody response to the P. haemolytica strains was poorer but possibly sufficient to contribute to an increase in resistance to infection.
Relationship of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis protoplasmic toxins to the exotoxin
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Smit, Maria C.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Buchanan, 1911) protoplasm was separated into two toxic fractions by means of gel chromatography. Toxin neutralization tests indicated that one of the fractions is probably identical to the exotoxin.
Macromolecular synthesis in bluetongue virus infected cells. II. Host cell metabolism
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Huismans, H. (Henk), 1942-
Infection of L-cells with bluetongue virus results in inhibition of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis shortly after infection. No inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis is observed before 7 hours after infection. The length of the lag phase before the initiation of the inhibition of protein synthesis is dependent upon the number of infecting virus particles. An increase in the multiplicity of infection results in a decrease in the length of the lag phase. No new macromolecular synthesis is required for the induction of inhibition. Inhibition of viral replication by interferon or UV inactivation does not prevent the induction of inhibition. Virus neutralized by antiserum or inactivated by heat or acid treatment is unable to induce the changes in host cell metabolism.
Macromolecular synthesis in bluetongue virus infected cells. I. Virus-specific ribonucleic acid synthesis
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Huismans, H. (Henk), 1942-
Both virus-specific double-stranded and single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) are synthesized during infection. The single-stranded RNA is formed in a large excess of double-stranded RNA and the rate of synthesis is maximal between 10 and 13 hours after infection. The single-stranded RNA is associated with the polyribosomes and consists of components with sedimentation constants varying between 12S and 22S. Hybridization of single-stranded RNA with double-stranded RNA indicated that the single-stranded RNA is probably messenger RNA. The secondary structure of the double-stranded RNA was verified by optical rotatory dispersion.
Further observations on the ultrastructure of ephemeral fever virus
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Lecatsas, G.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Electron microscope observations on ephemeral fever virus showed that the electron-dense material was helical in structure, that probably two strands 4 nm in diameter formed a limb approx. 17 nm in diameter with one complete turn of the helix occupying 10 nm. A proposed model of the virus is illustrated.
Observations on the pathogenesis of bovine and antelope strains of Besnoitia besnoiti (Marotel, 1912) infection in cattle and rabbits
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Basson, P.A.; McCully, R.M.; Bigalke, R.D.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Histopathological studies were made on cattle and rabbits, artificially infected with either proliferative organisms of low and high passage level bovine strains of Besnoitia besnoiti (Marotel, 1912) grown in tissue culture and in rabbits, or cyst organisms from a natural bovine case of besnoitiosis. Rabbits similarly infected with either proliferative organisms of a low level rabbit-passaged blue wildebeest [Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823)] strain or cyst organisms from naturally infected blue wildebeest and impala [Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812)] were likewise used for comparative studies. Degenerative and necrotic vascular lesions, vasculitis and thrombosis, mainly of the medium and smaller veins and some arteries, were the most outstanding changes in the acute stages of the disease. These changes coincided with the parasitization of certain cells in the vessels such as the endothelium, where the organisms proliferate before the onset of the cystic stage. These basic lesions were responsible for oedema, degenerative changes and even infarction, particularly in the testes and skin. A histiocytic reaction and mild eosinophil infiltration were some of the other characteristic features. The cystic stage in cattle apparently developed in enlarged histiocytes, which were recognizable 11 days after infection. These host cells became multinuclear and seemed to be responsible for the production of the cyst wall. The cysts reached maturity 71 days after infection. Reactions to cysts apparently commenced before any degenerative changes in the organisms were detectable and could have been preceded by such changes in the cyst wall. The antelope strains of B. besnoiti were only very mildly pathogenic to rabbits, but passage during the acute stage of the disease in this host increased the pathogenicity considerably. Rabbits which were infected with bovine strains developed severe testicular and skin lesions, but these lesions were either absent or relatively mild in rabbits infected with antelope strains. In the latter, lesions were usually confined to internal tissues and organs such as the myocardium, gut and lungs and, more rarely, even in the adrenal, liver, kidneys and urinary bladder. However, cysts were rarely encountered in both these groups.
A comparative study on the efficiency of water soluble phosphates and a dry phosphate lick for sheep fed on mature grass hay
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Myburgh, S.J.; Du Toit, J. de V.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
In a study with adolescent Merino sheep on a diet of mature grass hay, the supplementation with phosphates alone, either in the drinking water or as a dry lick, did not prevent loss of condition. Furthermore, in metabolism studies the phosphorus and nitrogen balances under these conditions were negative. However, the daily inclusion of small allowances of lucerne hay and maize samp to the diet resulted in increased intakes of protein and carbohydrate and ensured positive metabolism balances for phosphorus and nitrogen. Under these improved feeding conditions body weights increased. The result of feeding this diet suggested that phosphate feeding at certain times may be unnecessary under practical conditions.
Relationship of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis protoplasmic toxins to the exotoxin
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970-06) Cameron, Colin McKenzie; Smit, Maria C.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Buchanan, 1911) protoplasm was separated into two toxic fractions by means of gel chromatography. Toxin neutralization tests indicated that one of the fractions is probably identical to the exotoxin.
Plaque formation by African horsesickness virus and characterization of its RNA
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Oellermann, R.A.
A method of plaque assay for African horsesickness virus (AHSV) is described. Three cell lines were tested of which BHK21 was the most satisfactory. With an increase in Actinomycin D concentration, an increased inhibition of infective virus production was observed. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis of AHSV-RNA revealed at least six components. Eight components were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the components varied from 0.5 x 10⁶ to 2.8 x 10⁶ daltons, with a total molecular weight estimate of 1.5 x 10⁷ daltons for 10 segments in the viral genome. The significance of the relationship between AHSV, bluetongue virus and reovirus is discussed.
Eimeria chinchillae De Vos & Van der Westhuizen, 1968 and other Eimeria spp. from three South African rodent species
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) De Vos, A.J.; Dobson, Lynne D.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Eimeria chinchillae De Vos & Van der Westhuizen, 1968, an organism originally described from the chinchilla and subsequently shown to be transmissible to other rodents, was found to occur naturally in Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman, 1784) in South Africa. The morphology of the oocysts, the site of development of the endogenous stages and the prepatent period of the infection were similar to those of E. chinchillae obtained from chinchillas and transmitted experimentally to R. pumilio. The identity of the organism was confirmed by the successful infection of chinchillas. Three additional Eimeria spp. were found in R. pumilio. Oocysts of Eimeria pumilioi n. sp. measured 18 by 12 µ, those of Eimeria rhabdomyis n. sp., 13 by 12 µ and those of Eimeria pretoriensis n. sp., 24 by 19 µ. Two Eimeria spp. were also found in Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis (Smith, 1834). Oocysts of Eimeria mastomyis n. sp. measured 27 by 21 µ and those of Eimeria theileri n. sp. 20 by 17 µ. A single Eimeria sp., Eimeria otomyis n. sp., was found in Otomys irroratus (Brants, 1827). The oocysts measured 20 by 15 µ.
Pathogenesis of heartwater. I. Cowdria ruminantium in the lymph nodes of domestic ruminants
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Du Plessis, J.L.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
The intracellular replication of Cowdria ruminantium (Cowdry, 1926) is described in reticulum cells of lymph nodes several days prior to the appearance of rickettsial colonies in vascular endothelial cells. This is suggestive of a developmental cycle of the parasite in the lymph nodes. The subinoculation of suspensions of these glands resulted in transmission of the disease.
Experimental infection of game animals with lumpy skin disease virus (prototype strain Neethling)
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Young, E.; Basson, P.A.; Weiss, K.E.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Calves of a giraffe, an impala, two buffaloes, and two adult black wildebeests were artificially infected with the Neethling type of lumpy skin disease virus. The giraffe and impala died with typical symptoms and lesions of the disease. Virological examinations confirmed the presence of lumpy skin disease virus in lesions of these animals. Histopathological studies revealed microscopic lesions typical of those reported in cattle suffering from lumpy skin disease. Both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions were noticed in various cell types and some additional histopathological changes are reported. Neither the wildebeests nor the buffaloes reacted clinically to artificial infection and they failed to show a rise in antibody titre subsequently.
The application of improved techniques to the identification of strains of bluetongue virus
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Kumm, N.A.; Botha, M.J.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.; Howell, P.G.
Previously the isolation and identification of strains of bluetongue virus has been tedious, so that the introduction of techniques to shorten the delay was considered highly desirable. Neutralization tests were conducted on the principle of the inhibition of plaque development by serum diffusing through an agarose overlay. Fish spine beads filled with serum were placed on the overlying cells. The utilization of serum mixtures further provided a saving of materials. These techniques when applied to a group of field specimens were found to give reliable results. Similarly homologous antibody in the convalescent serum of recovered donor sheep could be demonstrated by this technique and served to confirm the immunological classification of the samples.
Electron microscopy of Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium (Cowdry, 1926) in the endothelial cells of the vertebrate host
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Pienaar, J.G.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
The ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminantium was studied in thin sections of choroid plexus from experimentally infected sheep. Glutaraldehyde fixation and osmium tetroxide postfixation were used. The organism developed within the confines of a membrane-bound vacuole in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. Four different forms, or particles, of the organism could be identified: small, intermediate, large and very large or giant forms. The various forms differed not only in size but also in the appearance and distribution of the nucleoid and "cytoplasmic" material within their inner structure. Within any one vacuole, in the host cell cytoplasm, the organisms were of the same form or type. Multiplication of the organism took place mainly by binary fission of the small and intermediate forms. Infrequent evidence was found that reproduction may also take place by the process of multiple budding and endosporulation. Small forms of the organism were embedded in a well developed matrix. Small and large forms were seen extracellularly, lying free in the lumen of blood vessels. Rarely small forms were seen in vacuoles in the cytoplasm of monocytes. The taxonomic position of C. ruminantium is discussed.
A clinico-pathological study of bilharziasis in sheep
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Malherbe, W.D.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Six healthy sheep were artificially infested through skin exposure with graded doses of cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei Veglia & LeRoux, 1929. By means of laboratory tests the development of lesions due to the disease could be monitored at weekly intervals, so as to shed light on its pathogenesis. In spite of lowering of the albumin fraction the total serum protein tended to rise, mainly as the result of an increase of beta and gamma globulin concentrations. Bromsulphalein retention was increased in the more acute cases due to portal venous tree obstruction but transaminase activity and bilirubin concentration rose only occasionally and transiently, indicating minimal and passing hepatocellular damage. Anaemia developed, normocytic in character, indicating the effect of simple blood loss. Leucocyte counts were not significantly affected but occasional rises of eosinophile percentage indicated transient episodes of sensitivity. Acid-base disturbances were absent and some loss of sodium and potassium through the bowel wall was demonstrated. Renal and mineral metabolism were not affected.
Cytauxzoonosis in a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Zululand
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) McCully, R.M.; Keep, M.E.; Basson, P.A.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
Cytauxzoonosis is reported for the first time in a giraffe [Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)] that died naturally of the disease. Both histiotropic and erythrocytic parasites were found. The animal was very anaemic and had marked haemoglobinuria. The most significant lesions were disseminated foci of haemorrhage and necrosis, especially in the liver, spleen and abomasum. Multiple haemorrhages also occurred on both pleura and peritoneum, within and on the entire gastro-intestinal tract, on the surface of the kidneys, subepicardially and in the urinary bladder. Very enlarged and even multinuclear cells heavily parasitized by schizonts were encountered in the lesions.
Parasitic and other diseases of the African buffalo in the Kruger National Park
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) Basson, P.A.; McCully, R.M.; Kruger, S.P.; Van Niekerk, J.W.; Young, E.; De Vos, Valerius; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
One hundred randomly-collected buffaloes [Syncerus caffer (Sparrman, 1779)] were autopsied, and tissues and parasites were collected for histopathological studies and identification. Blood smears were prepared from 92 animals, of which 97 per cent proved to be positive for piroplasms of an unidentified Theileria sp. Schizonts were found in the lymph nodes, liver, kidneys and myocardium of three young buffaloes. Granulomatous mycotic lymphadenitis of the peripheral lymph nodes occurred in 15 per cent of the animals and 86 per cent contained large sarcosporidial cysts in the oesophageal, pharyngeal and laryngeal musculature. Neoplasia, a squamous cell carcinoma, was encountered in only one animal. The most significant metazoan diseases were pentastomiasis (69 per cent), bilharziasis (62 per cent), cysticercosis (29 per cent), filariasis (16 per cent), hydatidosis (5 per cent) and mange caused by an unidentified Psoroptes sp. Thy nymphs of Linguatula serrata Frölich, 1779 were recovered mostly from the hepatic veins, sometimes from the right heart chambers and rarely from the liver substance, lymph nodes and pulmonary artery. Schistosoma mattheei Veglia & LeRoux, 1929 was mainly responsible for the bilharzia! lesions. However, none of the buffaloes were found to be infected with besnoitiosis. As this disease is very common in antelopes in the same area this finding suggests that the buffalo is not susceptible to it. A list of the intestinal and other helminths encountered is given.
Studies on the host range of Eimeria chinchillae De Vos & Van der Westhuizen, 1968
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1970) De Vos, A.J.; South Africa. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services; Tustin, R.C.; De Lange, M.; Reinecke, R.K.; Walker, Jane B.; De Kock, V.E.
A case of an Eimeria sp. with a lack of host specificity is reported. Eimeria chinchillae DeVos & Van der Westhuizen, 1968, originally described from the chinchilla, was successfully transmitted to seven other rodents, viz. Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis (Smith, 1847), Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman, 1784), white mice, Otomys irroratus (Brants, 1827), white rats, Mystromys albicaudatus (Smith, 1834) and Arvicanthis niloticus (Desmarest, 1822). Of these, the first four species were more susceptible to infection than the last three and showed symptoms of coccidiosis and even mortality after administration of 400,000 sporulated oocysts. Susceptible chinchillas were infected with oocysts obtained from P. (M.) natalensis, R. pumilio, white mice and white rats. In the chinchilla the endogenous stages were found only in the caecum but in P. (M.) natalensis, R. pumilio and white mice small numbers were also found in the small intestine. The prepatent period of the infection in chinchillas was 8 or 9 days as compared to 7 or 8 days in the new hosts. The oocysts discharged by these animals were indistinguishable from those passed by chinchillas.

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