Coetsee, Theresa2018-04-262018-04Theresa Coetsee (2018): MnO reduction in high carbon ferromanganese production: practice and theory, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, DOI: 10.1080/08827508.2018.1459618.0882-7508 (print)1547-7401 (online)10.1080/08827508.2018.1459618http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64734The SAF (submerged arc furnace) process is most widely used for industrial production of high carbon ferromanganese. Most plants use ore feed in the form of lump ore (−75 mm +6 mm), but long term supply is limited, and large quantities of ore fines are generated in ore mineral processing. Therefore development of alternative processes using ore fines (−10 mm) is important. The AlloyStream process is one such process developed to use a feed material mixture of fine ore, coal and flux. This process development provided a unique opportunity to correlate MnO reduction process theory to pilot plant production practice represented in minerlogical observations from furnace heap samples.en© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This is an electronic version of an article published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, vol. x, no. y, pp. z-zz, 2018. doi : 10.1080/08827508.2018.1459618. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review is available online at : http://www.tandfonline.comloi/gmpr20.Submerged arc furnace (SAF)FerromanganeseProductionMechanismsTheoryReactionsOreIron oresCarbonFerroalloysManganese oxidePilot plantsAlternative processIndustrial productionReduction processProcess developmentEngineering, built environment and information technology articles SDG-04SDG-04: Quality educationEngineering, built environment and information technology articles SDG-08SDG-08: Decent work and economic growthEngineering, built environment and information technology articles SDG-09SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructureEngineering, built environment and information technology articles SDG-12SDG-12: Responsible consumption and productionEngineering, built environment and information technology articles SDG-13SDG-13: Climate actionPostprint Article