Casey, Norman Henry2024-03-082024-03-082023-10-13Casey, N.H. 2023, 'Livestock adaptation to climate', Animal Frontiers, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 3-5. DOI : 10.1093/af/vfad048.2160-6056 (print)2160-6064 (online)10.1093/af/vfad048http://hdl.handle.net/2263/95103Change and adaptation are the phenomena of life. Throughout the existence of life on earth, biological systems have adapted and changed physiologically and morphologically to acquire a homeostasis most suitable for the demands of the environment. The genetic composition is interchangeable among organisms, and the expressions of traits are the response genes in combination to biological requirements. Human interventions changed a plethora of gene expressions by direct selection including hunting, domestication, and selecting for desirable traits. Human interventions on the biological world are moving rapidly from direct to indirect interventions through overutilization of resources and secondary effects of industrial development on the earth’s ecosystems.en© Casey. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.ChangeAdaptationEnvironmentHuman interventionsSDG-15: Life on landArticle