De Beer, Dirk JohannesJoubert, Trudi-Heleen2022-06-202022-06-202021-10De Beer, D. & Joubert, T. 2021, 'Undersampling and saturation for impedance spectroscopy performance', IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 21, no. 20, pp. 23382-23389.1530-437X (print)1558-1748 (online)10.1109/JSEN.2021.3105317https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/85862The development of low-cost impedance spec- troscopy devices is limited by the capabilities of low-cost hardware. Impedance spectroscopy requires high accuracy over a large bandwidth and dynamic range for most applica- tions. In this paper, back-end signal processing solutions are examined and implemented to improve both the bandwidth and dynamic range of a typical low-cost impedance analyser without modifying the hardware. The bandwidth is improved by undersampling the input waveforms and reconstructing the signals based on the known frequency information. The bandwidth can be increased by multiple orders of magni- tude and the limiting factor of the system becomes amplifier bandwidth and the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) sample- and-hold circuit. Despite allowing signals to become orders of magnitude larger than the ADC range, the original signal can be reconstructed based on the measured saturated signal. This saturation technique more than doubles the dynamic range for any given accuracy requirement.en© 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)Impedance spectroscopyLow-costSaturationUndersamplingPostprint Article