Franic, IvaAllan, EricProspero, SimoneAdamson, KalevAttorre, FabioAuger‑Rozenberg, Marie‑AnneAugustin, SylvieAvtzis, DimitriosBaert, WimBarta, MarekBauters, KennethBellahirech, AmaniBoron, PiotrBraganca, HelenaBrestovanská, TerezaBrurberg, May BenteBurgess, TreenaBurokiene, DaivaCleary, MichelleCorley, Juan C.Coyle, David R .Csoka, GyorgyCerny, KarelDavydenko, KaterynaDe Groot, MaartenDiez, Julio J.Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba DogmusDrenkhan, ReinEdwards, JacquelineElsafy, MohammedEotvos, Csaba BelaFalko, RomanFan, JiantingFeddern, NinaFürjes‑Mikó, ÁgnesGossner, Martin M.Grad, BartłomiejHartmann, MartinHavrdova, LudmilaHorakova, Miriam KadasiHrabetova, MarketaJustesen, Mathias JustKacprzyk, MagdalenaKenis, MarcKirichenko, NataliaKovac, MartaKramarets, VolodymyrLackovic, NikolaLantschner, M. VictoriaLazarevic, JelenaLeskiv, MariannaLi, HongmeiMadsen, Corrie LynneMalumphy, ChrisMatošević, DinkaMatsiakh, IrynaMay, Tom W.Mefert, JohanMigliorini, DuccioNikolov, ChristoO’Hanlon, RichardOskay, FundaPaap, TrudyParpan, TarasPiskur, BarbaraRavn, Hans P eterRichard, JohnRonse, AnneRoques, AlainRufner, BeatSantini, AlbertoSivickis, KarolisSoliani, CarolinaTalgø, VencheTomoshevich, MariaUimari, AnneUlyshen, MichaelVettraino, Anna MariaVillari, CaterinaWang, YongjunWitzell, JohannaZlatković, MilicaEschen, René2024-07-232024-07-232023-07Franić, I., Allan, E., Prospero, S. et al. Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees. Scientific Reports 13, 11570 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36795-w.2045-2322 (online)10.1038/s41598-023-36795-whttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/97158DATA AVAILABITY STATEMENT: The data used in this manuscript, as well as the detail methods on how they were collected and public repositories in which they are stored, are described in Franić et al.40. The raw paired-end Illumina sequencing reads of the ITS2 region are archived at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under BioProject accession number PRJNA70814822. Assembled herbivorous insect COI sequences are deposited in GenBank database under accession numbers MW441337–MW441767.SUPPORTING INFORMATION: FILE S1: ModelsNon-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on diferences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could afect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.en© 2023. The Authors. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.BiodiversityBiogeographyMacroecologyMolecular ecologyClimateInsectsFungal communitiesTreesSDG-13: Climate actionSDG-15: Life on landArticle