Nkelende, Roland TshibwabwaVan der Westhuizen, DeidreBoman, JohanMolnar, PeterVon Eschwege, Karel G.Howlett-Downing, Chantelle MargaretWichmann, Janine2026-04-082026Roland Tshibwabwa Nkelende, Deidré van der Westhuizen, Johan Boman, Peter Molnár, Karel G. von Eschwege, Chantelle Howlett-Downing & Janine Wichmann (2026) Atmospheric PM2.5 and its trace element compositions in Bloemfontein, South Africa: an inhalation health risk assessment, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 61:3, 135-143, DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2026.2634542.1093-4529 (print)1532-4117 (online)10.1080/10934529.2026.2634542http://hdl.handle.net/2263/109472DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The PM2.5 mass and trace element concentration data were originally published in the following peer-reviewed sources: Van der Westhuizen et al. (2022), International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry Van der Westhuizen et al. (2024), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment These sources articles include detailed methodologies, seasonal analyses, and source apportionment results. Data sharing is subject to ethical and privacy considerations consistent with the original ethical approvals.Please read abstract in the article.en© 2026 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This is an electronic version of an article published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 135-143, 2026, doi : 10.1080/10934529.2026.2634542. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering is available online at : http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesa20.Particulate matter (PM2.5)Pediatric vulnerabilityRisk rankingBloemfonteinSynergistic toxicityCarcinogenic riskPostprint Article