Gonçalves, Micael F.M.Nunes, Rui B.Tilleman, LaurentijnVan de Peer, YvesDeforce, DieterVan Nieuwerburgh, FilipEsteves, Ana C.Alves, Artur2020-04-202020-04-202019-12-03Goncalves, M.F.M., Nunes, R.B., Tilleman, L. et al. 2019, 'Dual RNA sequencing of Vitis vinifera during Lasiodiplodia theobromae infection unveils host-pathogen interactions', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 20, art. 6083, pp. 1-19.1422-0067 (online)10.3390/ijms20236083http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74312Figure S1: Saturation curves of V. vinifera genes,Figure S2: Saturation curves of L. theobromae genes.Table S1: Gene Ontologies of DEG’s in response to L. theobromae inoculation in V. vinifera at 3 dpi, Table S2: Gene Ontologies of DEG’s in response to L. theobromae inoculation in V. vinifera at 7 dpi, Table S3: Gene Ontologies of DEG’s in response to L. theobromae inoculation in V. vinifera at 10 dpi, Table S4: Significantly enriched GO terms identified from differentially expressed V. vinifera genes, Table S5: Gene clusters of DEG’s of V. vinifera with a regression model with an R2 > 0.8 during the colonization of grape stems, Table S6: Gene Ontologies of DEG’s of L. theobromae over time, Table S7: Gene clusters of DEG’s of L. theobromae with a regression model with an R2 > 0.8 during the infection of grape stems.Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most aggressive agents of the grapevine trunk disease Botryosphaeria dieback. Through a dual RNA-sequencing approach, this study aimed to give a broader perspective on the infection strategy deployed by L. theobromae, while understanding grapevine response. Approximately 0.05% and 90% of the reads were mapped to the genomes of L. theobromae and Vitis vinifera, respectively. Over 2500 genes were significantly di erentially expressed in infected plants after 10 dpi, many of which are involved in the inducible defense mechanisms of grapevines. Gene expression analysis showed changes in the fungal metabolism of phenolic compounds, carbohydrate metabolism, transmembrane transport, and toxin synthesis. These functions are related to the pathogenicity mechanisms involved in plant cell wall degradation and fungal defense against antimicrobial substances produced by the host. Genes encoding for the degradation of plant phenylpropanoid precursors were up-regulated, suggesting that the fungus could evade the host defense response using the phenylpropanoid pathway. The up-regulation of many distinct components of the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants supports this hypothesis. Moreover, genes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis, hormone metabolism, cell wall modification enzymes, and pathogenesis-related proteins seem to be involved in the host responses observed. This study provides additional insights into the molecular mechanisms of L. theobromae and V. vinifera interactions.en© 2019 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license.Dual RNA-SeqGrapevineBotryosphaeria diebackPlant defensePathogenesisArticle