Mahaye, NtombikayiseMusee, Ndeke2023-03-082023-03-082022-07-28Mahaye, N.; Musee, N. Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean Daphnia magna in RiverWater. Toxics 2022, 10, 423. https://DOI.org/10.3390/toxics10080423.2305-6304 (online)10.3390/toxics10080423https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/90021SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS : TABLE S1: Classes and types of individual Food and Drug Administration-approved ARVs for clinical use; TABLE S2: Global measured environmental concentrations of ARVs in different matrices [3,22,53,81,82]; TABLE S3: Molecular Formula and physico-chemical properties of ARVs; TABLE S4: Physicochemical parameters of freshwater samples collected from Elands River; TABLE S5: Physicochemical properties of ER water during exposure recorded for the controls, lowest and highest exposure concentrations at 0 and 48 h; TABLE S6: Cumulative immobilization of D. magna exposed to variant concentrations of EFV and TFV.Antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs are used to manage the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and are increasingly being detected in the aquatic environment. However, little is known about their effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Here, Daphnia magna neonates were exposed to Efavirenz (EFV) and Tenofovir (TFV) ARVs at 62.5–1000 g/L for 48 h in river water. The endpoints assessed were mortality, immobilization, and biochemical biomarkers (catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA)). No mortality was observed over 48 h. Concentration- and time-dependent immobilization was observed for both ARVs only at 250–1000 g/L after 48 h, with significant immobilization observed for EFV compared to TFV. Results for biochemical responses demonstrated that both ARVs induced significant changes in CAT and GST activities, and MDA levels, with effects higher for EFV compared to TFV. Biochemical responses were indicative of oxidative stress alterations. Hence, both ARVs could potentially be toxic to D. magna.en© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.HIV antiretroviral drugsAntioxidant enzymesBiochemical markersDaphnia magnaHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Antiretroviral (ARV)Efavirenz (EFV)Tenofovir (TFV)Article