Faure, J. Philip B.Swanepoel, Lourens H.Cilliers, DeonVenter, Jan A.Hill, Russell A.2023-07-142023-07-142022-09Faure, J., Swanepoel, L., Cilliers, D., Venter, J., & Hill, R. (2022). Estimates of carnivore densities in a human-dominated agricultural matrix in South Africa. Oryx, 56(5), 774-781. doi: 10.1017/S003060532100034X.0030-6053 (print)1365-3008 (online)10.1017/S003060532100034Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/91460Populations of carnivore species outside protected areas may be of considerable importance for conservation, as many protected areas do not provide sufficient space for viable populations. Data on carnivore population sizes and trends are often biased towards protected areas, and few studies have examined the role of unprotected areas for carnivore conservation. We used camera-trapping data and spatial capture–recapture models to estimate population densities for four sympatric carnivores: the African leopard Panthera pardus, spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta, brown hyaena Parahyaena brunnea and African civet Civettictis civetta in Platjan, a predominantly agricultural, mixed land-use system, South Africa. Mean densities per 100 km2 for the leopard were 2.20 (95% CI 1.32–3.68) and 2.18 (95% CI 1.32–3.61) for left and right flank data, respectively; spotted hyaena, 0.22 (95% CI 0.06–0.81); brown hyaena, 0.74 (95% CI 0.30–1.88); and African civet 3.60 (95% CI 2.34–5.57; left flanks) and 3.71 (95% CI 2.41–5.72; right flanks). Our results indicate that although densities are lower than those reported for protected areas, humans and predators coexist in this unprotected agricultural matrix. We suggest that increased conservation effort should be focused in such areas, to mitigate human–carnivore conflicts. Our study improves the knowledge available for carnivore populations on privately owned, unprotected land, and may benefit conservation planning.en© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence.Agricultural areaCamera trappingAfrican civet (Civettictis civetta)Human–wildlife conflictAfrican leopard (Panthera pardus)Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)Brown hyaena (Parahyaena brunnea)Spatial capture–recaptureSouth Africa (SA)SDG-15: Life on landArticle