Lawal, Ismaheel OpeyemiLengana, ThaboPopoola, Gbenga O.Orunmuyi, Akintunde T.Kgatle, MankgopoMokoala, Kgomotso M.G.Sathekge, Mike Machaba2022-04-282022-04-282021-08-29Lawal, I.O.; Lengana, T.; Popoola, G.O.; Orunmuyi, A.T.; Kgatle, M.M.; Mokoala, K.M.G.; Sathekge, M.M. Pattern of Prostate Cancer Recurrence Assessed by 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in Men Treated with Primary Local Therapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10, 3883. https://DOI.org/ 10.3390/jcm10173883.2077-0383 (online)10.3390/jcm10173883https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/84928Figure S1: A flowchart showing the selection of patients for the study.Imaging plays a vital role in detecting the recurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) to guide the choice of salvage therapy. Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT) is useful for detecting PCa recurrence. We assessed the pattern of PCa recurrence stratified by serum prostate-specific antigen level and type of primary local treatment in men with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after primary local therapy with radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) using 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT.We reviewed patients imaged with 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT for the localization of the site of PCa recurrence. We determined the site and number of lesions due to PCa recurrence at different PSA levels. A total of 247 men (mean age of 65.72 7.51 years and median PSA of 2.70 ng/mL (IQR = 0.78–5.80)) were included. 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT detected the site of recurrence in 81.4% of patients with a median number of lesions per patient of 1 (range = 1–5). 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT positivity was 43.6%, 75.7%, 83.3%, 90.0%, and 95.8% at PSA levels of <0.5, 0.5–1.0., 1.1–2.0, 2.1–5.0, and 5.0–10.0, respectively. The most common site of recurrence was in the prostate gland/bed at all PSA levels. Pelvic, extra-pelvic, and combined pelvic and extra-pelvic sites of recurrence were seen in 118, 50, and 33 patients, respectively. The risk of extra-pelvic recurrence increases with rising PSA levels. 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT has a high lesion detection rate for biochemical recurrence of PCa in patients previously treated with primary local therapy.en© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licenseProstate cancerRadical prostatectomyRadiotherapyBiochemical recurrenceGallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT)Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT)Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Article