Coetsee, TheresaDe Bruin, Frederik Johannes2023-10-122023-10-122022-02-24Coetsee, T.; De Bruin, F. Aluminium-Assisted Alloying of Carbon Steel in Submerged Arc Welding: Application of Al-Cr-Ti-Cu Unconstrained Metal Powders. Processes 2022, 10, 452. https://DOI.org/10.3390/pr10030452.2227-9717 (online)10.3390/pr10030452http://hdl.handle.net/2263/92859DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The data sets presented in this study are availabable upon request to the corresponding author.Al assisted alloying of carbon steel in Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) by Al-Cr-Ti-Cu unconstrained metal powders is applied. A base case without metal powder additions is compared to two metal powder addition schedules, Al-Cu-Ti and Al-Cu-Ti-Cr. Al powder is used as a deoxidiser element to control the oxygen partial pressure at the weld pool–molten flux interface to ensure that most of the Ti and Cr metal powder is transferred into the weld pool and that the weld metal ppm O is controlled within acceptable limits of 200 to 500 ppm O. The likely sequence of alloy melt formation is deduced from the relevant alloy phase diagrams. The effect of Fe addition into the initial Al-Cu-Ti and Al-Cu-Ti-Cr alloy melt is illustrated in thermochemical calculations. Increased metal deposition productivity with metal powder addition in SAW is confirmed. The metal deposition rates increased by 19% and 40% when Al-Cu-Ti and Al-Cu-Ti-Cr powders were applied at the same weld heat input used in the absence of metal powder additions.en© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.Oxygen potentialTitaniumAluminiumCopperChromiumMetal powderSubmerged arc welding (SAW)Engineering, built environment and information technology articles SDG-09SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructureEngineering, built environment and information technology articles SDG-12SDG-12: Responsible consumption and productionArticle